Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy 1 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in

A

connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of CT

A

proper, cartilage, blood, bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

functions of CT

A

bind, support, strengthen, protect, transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CT is highly ____ and supplied with ___

A

vascularized, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what CT has little to no blood supply or nerve

A

cartilage, tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fibroblasts

A

secrete fibers and components of ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chondroblasts/chondrocytes

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

osteoblasts/osteocytes

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

adiposites

A

fat cells, store triglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mast cells

A

produce histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

white blood cells 3 types

A

neutrophil, eosinophils, lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

macrophages

A

engulf bacteria and cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CT extracellular matrix: material located

A

between widely spaced cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CT extracellular matrix: protein fibers

A

support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CT extracellular matrix: collagen fibers

A

glue, strong and flexible, most abundant protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CT extracellular matrix: elastic fibers

A

stretch and recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CT extracellular matrix: reticular fibers

A

short, fine, branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CT extracellular matrix: ground substance

A

unstructured material between cells and fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CT extracellular matrix: functions (ground substance)

A

support, bind cells, store water, allow exchange between blood and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CT derives from

A

mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

proper CT

A

loose, dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

loose CT

A

loosely arranged fibers; areolar, reticular, adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dense CT

A

dense, irregular, elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cartilage CT

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

liquid CT

A

blood, lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

most widely distributes CT in body

A

areolar (loose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

CT type: subcutaneous layer of skin

A

loose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

areolar CT contains several types of

A

cells and all 3 fibers loosely arranged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

reticular CT

A

loose; fine interlacing reticular fibers and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

reticular CT location

A

storm of liver, spleen, lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

adipose tissue function

A

insulation and energy reserve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

adipose tissue location

A

subcutaneous later of skin, mammary gland, around heart and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

2 types of adipose

A

white (adult) brown (infant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

types of loose CT

A

areolar, reticular, adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

types of dense CT

A

regular, irregular, elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

dense regular

A

bundles of collagen fibers regularly arranged in parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

dense regular tissue location

A

tendons, ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

dense irregular

A

collagen fibers irregularly arranged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

dense irregular location

A

dermis, heart, fibrous capsules of joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

elastic CT

A

branching elastic fibers, stretching of organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

elastic CT can ___ to original shape

A

recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

elastic CT location

A

lung, walls of elastic arteries, vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cartilage is tough but

A

flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

cartilage is __% water

A

80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

chondroblasts mature into

A

chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

chondrocytes are found in

A

lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

cartilage is ___ not innervated

A

avascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

cartilage grows ___, when injured repairs ___

A

slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

most abundant but weakest cartilage

A

hyaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

hyaline cartilage provides

A

flexibility and support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

hyaline cartilage found in

A

end of long bones, costal cartilage, larynx, nose, trachea, embryo, fetal skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

thick bundles of collagen fibers

A

fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

strongest type of cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

fibrocartilage location

A

meniscus, intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

chondrocytes located within network of elastic fibers

A

elastic cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

elastic cartilage location

A

external eat, epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

bone tissue is ___ and innervated

A

vascularized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

osteoblasts to

A

osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

bone is similar to

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

types of bone

A

compact, spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

bone tissue function

A

support, protect, blood forming, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

blood ecm

A

blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

blood cell types

A

erythrocytes, wbc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

blood function

A

transport gas, nutrients, waste etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

lymph flows in

A

lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

lymph is

A

clear liquid in ecm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

lymph functions

A

remove bacteria, transport fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

muscular tissue elongated cells

A

muscle fibers, myocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

muscle tissue uses ___ to contract

A

atp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

muscular tissue function

A

movement, posture, generate heat, pump blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

skeletal muscle tissue attached to

A

bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

skeletal muscle tissue is

A

striated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

skeletal muscle tissue ___ movement

A

voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

cardiac muscle tissue ___ movement

A

involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

intercalated disks

A

unique to cardiac muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

smooth muscle tissue location

A

walls of hollow internal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

smooth muscle tissue __ movement

A

involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Smooth muscle tissue function

A

move fluid, food, eliminate waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

2 types of nervous tissue

A

neurons, neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

neurons

A

generate and conduct nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

neuron finction

A

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

neuroglia function

A

support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

neuroglia location

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

covering and lining membranes

A

flat sheet of cells covering a part of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

serous membrane

A

line body cavities that don’t open to outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

mucus membrane

A

line body cavities that open to outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

dry, cover surface of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

organs of integumentary system

A

skin, accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

integumentary system function

A

protection, body temp, sensory info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

dermatology

A

medical study of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

largest organ of body by surface area and weight

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

skin is ___% of body weight

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

skin thickness

A

.5-4mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

major layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

epidermis function

A

exchange nutrients/wastes from dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

epidermis: ____, ____ ____ epithelium (tissue type)

A

keratinized, stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

4 major cell types of epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans/dendtritic, merkel/tactile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

keratinocytes

A

keratin, tough fibrous protein, protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

melanocytes

A

melanin, protect against uv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

langherhans/dendritic cells

A

immune response, arise from red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

merkel/tactile cells

A

sensation of touch along with tactile discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

epidermis 4 layers ___ 5 ___

A

thin, thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

stratum basale/germinativum

A

bottom layer, cell division, produces all other layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

stratum spinous

A

8-10 layers, mostly keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

stratum granulosum

A

keratinization beings, apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

stratum lucid

A

only in thick skin, dead keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

stratum corneum

A

many layers of dead keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

constant friction of stratum corneum causes

A

calluses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

thin skin covers

A

all body regions except palms and soles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

thin skin lacks

A

stratum lucidum, epidermal ridges, few sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

thick skin location

A

finger tips, palms, soles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

thick skin ___ layers

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

dermis

A

CT con collagen and elastic fibers and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

dermis is rich in

A

blood vessels and nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

papillary, reticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

papillary region

A

dermal papillae, corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

reticular region

A

80% thickness, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

external features of dermis

A

lines of cleavage, epidermal ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

what creates finger prints

A

epidermal ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

where do stretch marks form

A

dermis, lines of cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

skin color based on

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

melanin produced by

A

melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

_____ stimulates melanin synthesis

A

UV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

melanocytes are _____ in all people

A

about the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

benign melanocytes growth

A

mole, nevus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

hypodermis

A

subcutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

subcutaneous is not

A

part of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

subcutaneous function

A

attach skin to underlying tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

SubQ contains

A

lamellated (pacing) corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

lamellated corpuscles

A

detect external pressure to skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

hair function

A

protection, reduce seat loss, sense light touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

hair composition

A

dead keratinized epidermal cells, sebaceous glands connected to hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

hair color determined by

A

amount and type of melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

hair structure

A

shaft, root, follicle, papilla, matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

arrestor pili muscle

A

goosebumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

nails are a modification of

A

epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

nail function

A

pick up objects and scratch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

nail structures

A

free edge, body, root, matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

nail body

A

plate, transparent with whitish lanula at base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

nail root

A

embedded in fold of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

nail matrix

A

cells divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

sebaceous glands found

A

all over body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

sebaceous glands associated with

A

hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

sebaceous glands secrete

A

oily sebum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

sebaceous glands prevent ___, inhibit ___

A

dehydration, bacteria growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

acne

A

inflammation of sebaceous glands infected with bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

sudoriferous glands activated by

A

nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

majority of sweat glands

A

eccrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

eccrine glands secrete

A

odorless, clear fluid

152
Q

eccrine gland function

A

cool body by evaporation, eliminate waste

153
Q

apocrine glands location

A

armpits, genitals

154
Q

what gland develops at puberty

A

apocrine

155
Q

apocrine: excretory glands open into ____ during ____

A

hair follicles, emotional stress and sexual excitement

156
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified sweat glands in external ear canal

157
Q

ceruminous glands produce

A

waxy secretion called cerumen

158
Q

cerumen

A

ear wax, provides sticky barrier that prevents entry of foreign bodies into war canal

159
Q

main functions of skin

A

thermoregulation, blood reservior, protection, cutaneous sensation, excretion, absorption, vit d synthesis

160
Q

epidermal wound

A

abrasion, minor burn

161
Q

deep wound

A

extend into dermis, sub q

162
Q

wound healing: inflammation and step 1

A

severed blood vessels, inflammatory chemicals, WBC seep into area, blood clot forms

163
Q

wound healing: blood supply restoration and step 2

A

blood clot replaced by granulation tissue, fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge gap, epithelial cells multiply

164
Q

wound healing: repair: regeneration and fibrosis and step 3

A

fibrous are matures and contracts, epithelium thickens; fully regenerated epithelium with underlying area of scar tissue

165
Q

1st degree burn

A

epidermis, redness pain and swelling

166
Q

2nd degree burn

A

epidermis and upper region of dermis, red, pain, blisters

167
Q

3rd degree burn

A

entirety of skin, skin graft needed

168
Q

epidermis develops from

A

ectoderm

169
Q

dermis develops from

A

mesoderm

170
Q

function of skeletal system

A

support, protect, movement, maintain homeostasis, homeopoeisis, triglyceride storage

171
Q

bone maintains homeostasis by

A

store minerals

172
Q

bone homeopoesis

A

red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC, platelets

173
Q

bone triglyceride storage

A

yellow bone marrow, triglycerides stored in adipose cells

174
Q

___ named bones

A

206

175
Q

axial skeletal includes

A

longitudinal bones, skull bones, vertebral column

176
Q

appendicular skeletal system includes

A

upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle

177
Q

types of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural

178
Q

surface markings

A

structural features adapted for specific functions

179
Q

depressions and openings in bone

A

blood vessels, nerves, form joints

180
Q

bone projections and processes

A

form joints, attachment point for ligaments, tendons

181
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft

182
Q

ephysis

A

distal, proximal ends

183
Q

metaphysis

A

epiphyseal growth plate

184
Q

articular cartilage of bone

A

hyaline cartilage

185
Q

periostenum

A

membrane surrounding bone

186
Q

medullary cavity

A

yellow marrow

187
Q

endosteum

A

membrane lining canals and trabeculae

188
Q

types of bone cells

A

osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

189
Q

bone matrix ___% water, ___% collagen fibers, ___% crystallized mineral salt

A

25, 25, 50

190
Q

osteogenic cell

A

cell division, resulting cells develop into osteoblasts

191
Q

osetoblast

A

bone building cells, synthesize ECM

192
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells trapped in mineralized ECM, maintain bone matrix

193
Q

osteoclasts

A

release enzyme and acids that digest bone matrix

194
Q

huge cells bone

A

fusion of up to 50 monocytes

195
Q

compact bone __% of skeleton

A

80

196
Q

strongest bone tissue

A

compact

197
Q

external part of bone

A

compact

198
Q

compact bone function

A

protection, support

199
Q

spongy bone ___ to compact

A

internal

200
Q

spongy bone ___ arranged in irregular lattice of thin columns

A

lamellae

201
Q

where are lamellae found

A

spongy bone

202
Q

spongy bone columns called

A

trabeculae

203
Q

compact bone resists stress from

A

weight, movement

204
Q

repeating structural units of compact bone

A

osteon, Haversian system

205
Q

osteon

A

central (Haversian) canal with concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes and canaliculi

206
Q

spongy bone lacks

A

osteon

207
Q

homeopoiesis occurs in

A

spongy bone

208
Q

ossification/osteogenesis

A

bone formation

209
Q

bone building cells

A

osteoblasts

210
Q

bone formation occurs during

A

embryo + further growth until adulthood, remodeling, repair fractures

211
Q

calcification

A

hardening of tissue, occurs during ossification

212
Q

prenatal ossification: intramembranous

A

direct laying down of bone into primitive CT

213
Q

prenatal ossification: endochondral/intracartilaginous

A

bone develops from hyaline cartilage

214
Q

prenatal ossification: endochondral/intracartilaginous: ossification center

A

cartilage calcified and dies

215
Q

prenatal ossification: endochondral/intracartilaginous: first

A

hyaline cartilage model

216
Q

prenatal ossification: endochondral/intracartilaginous: periosteum from

A

perichondrium

217
Q

prenatal ossification: endochondral/intracartilaginous: blood vessels invade ____, osteoblasts from ____ migrate in ____

A

cavities, periosteum, spongy bone

218
Q

prenatal ossification: endochondral/intracartilaginous: osteoclasts break down spongy bone and leave

A

medullary cavity and compact bone

219
Q

resisting zone

A

hyaline cartilage

220
Q

proliferating zone

A

chondrocytes divide rapidly, secreting ecm at epiph side

221
Q

hypertrophic zone

A

cartilage becomes calcified, degenerates, leaving cavities

222
Q

at adulthood, ____ close and bone replaces all ___ leaving _____ _____

A

epiphyseal plate, cartilage, epiphyseal line

223
Q

adult bone tissue continuously ___ itself

A

renews

224
Q

bone remodeling: osteoclasts

A

release lysosomal enzymes and acid

225
Q

bone remodeling: osteoclasts leave and ___ enter

A

osteoblasts

226
Q

bone remodeling: osteoporosis

A

excessive loss of calcium, weaken bone

227
Q

osteomalacia/rickets

A

bone becomes too flexible

228
Q

factors affecting bone growth and bone remodeling

A

homeostasis in blood, gravitational forces acting on skeleton

229
Q

ca ___ from bone into blood

A

resorption

230
Q

ca ___ from blood into bone

A

deposition

231
Q

nerve and muscle cells depend on

A

ca2+

232
Q

blood clotting requires

A

Ca2+

233
Q

Ca levels from birth to 10 and 11-24

A

400-80 mg/d
1200-1500 mg/d

234
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid glands

235
Q

PTH elevates

A

blood ca levels

236
Q

PTH stimulates

A

osteoclasts to resorb bone

237
Q

thyroid gland opposes (bone)

A

PTH

238
Q

giantism

A

high growth hormone

239
Q

dwarfism

A

low growth hormone

240
Q

acromegaly

A

increased growth hormone in adulthood

241
Q

sex hormones

A

testosterone, estrogen

242
Q

bone tissue alters its strength in response to

A

changes in mechanical stress

243
Q

bone stress

A

bone tissue becomes stronger through deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers by osteoblasts

244
Q

un-stressed bone

A

loss of bone minerals and collagen fibers

245
Q

main mechanical stress on bone

A

pull of skeletal muscles and gravity

246
Q

_____ and ____ help build and retain bone mass

A

exercise, weight bearing activities

247
Q

what vitamin stimulates osteoblasts

A

a

248
Q

what vitamin synthesizes collagen

A

c

249
Q

what vitamin helps build bone

A

d

250
Q

what vitamin synthesizes bone protein

A

k

251
Q

types of fractures

A

skin penetration, completeness, position

252
Q

closed reduction

A

alignment by manipulation

253
Q

open reduction

A

surgery, screws, plates, rods, pins

254
Q

repair of bone: formation of fracture hematoma

A

blood leak from torn vessels

255
Q

repair of bone: firbocartilaginous callus

A

3 weeks, fibroblasts invade fracture site and produce collagen fibers with bridge broken ends

256
Q

repair of bone: bony callus formation

A

osteoblasts begin to produce spongy bone

257
Q

repair of bone: bone remodellng

A

compact bone replaces spongy bone

258
Q

imbalances between bone formation and respiration can lead to

A

skeletal disorders

259
Q

rickets occurs due to

A

insufficient vit d or calcium

260
Q

pages disease

A

excessive remodeling

261
Q

joint or articulation

A

sites where 2 or more bones meet

262
Q

joint function

A

mobility, hold skeleton together

263
Q

joint classification: structure

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

264
Q

fibrous joint

A

dense fibrous CT

265
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

cartilage

266
Q

synovial joint

A

synovial cavity and fluid

267
Q

joint classification: function

A

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

268
Q

synarthroses

A

immoveable, skull suture

269
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable, intervertebral disc

270
Q

diarthroses

A

freely moveable, appendicular skeleton

271
Q

most joints are

A

synovial

272
Q

reinforcing ligaments

A

hold bones together

273
Q

sprain

A

wrenching/twisting of joint with resulting overstretching of ligaments

274
Q

strain

A

stretched or partially torn muscle or tendon

275
Q

bursae

A

flat, sac-like structures containing synovial fluid

276
Q

tendon sheath

A

elongated bursae that wraps around some tendons subject to friction

277
Q

non axial movement

A

slipping movement only, inter tarsal

278
Q

uniaxial movement

A

movement around one plane, elbow and knee

279
Q

biaxial movement

A

movement around two planes, wrist

280
Q

triaxial movement

A

movement around 3 planes, shoulder and hip

281
Q

gliding/planar

A

simple movement back and forth, side to side

282
Q

angular movement

A

increase or decrease in angle between articulating limbs

283
Q

flex

A

bend, decrease angle

284
Q

extend

A

stretch, increase angle

285
Q

hyperextension

A

continuation of extension

286
Q

lateral flexion

A

move trunk sideways at waist

287
Q

rotation

A

bone revolve around own longitudinal axis

288
Q

abduction

A

movement away from midline

289
Q

adduction

A

towards midline

290
Q

circumduction

A

circle

291
Q

elevation

A

upwards

292
Q

depression

A

downward

293
Q

protraction

A

anterior

294
Q

retraction

A

back to normal

295
Q

inversion

A

foot medially, big toe up

296
Q

eversion

A

sole laterally, big toe down

297
Q

dorsiflextion

A

foot up

298
Q

plantar flextion

A

foot down

299
Q

supination

A

palm up

300
Q

pronation

A

palm down

301
Q

oppositon

A

move thumb

302
Q

factors affecting range of motion

A

articulating bones, ligaments/muscles, hormones, disuse

303
Q

largest joint

A

tibio-femoral

304
Q

tibio-femoral joint is a modified

A

hinge joint

305
Q

tibio-femoral 2 menisci

A

fibrocartilage disks, increase fit of articulating bones

306
Q

major knee ligaments

A

ACL, PCL

307
Q

only moveable joint in skull

A

temporo-mandibular

308
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa, blow or friction

309
Q

tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon sheath, overuse

310
Q

arthritis types

A

OA, RA, GA, Lyme disease

311
Q

most common joint disorder

A

osteoarthritis

312
Q

osteoarthritis related to

A

normal aging process

313
Q

OA

A

degradation of joints and articular cartilage

314
Q

OA treatment

A

moderate activity, mild pain relievers

315
Q

RA

A

chronic, autoimmune disease

316
Q

RA symptom

A

joint inflammation, swelling, pain, loss of function

317
Q

RA arises age

A

40-50

318
Q

RA treatment

A

aspirin, antibiotics, PT, anti-inflammatory meds

319
Q

GA

A

build up of uric acid

320
Q

GA typically (location)

A

joint at base of great toe

321
Q

if GA is untreated

A

bone ends fuse and immobilize joint

322
Q

GA treatment

A

anti-inflammatory meds, allopruniol, water, no alcohol

323
Q

Lyme disease

A

bacteria transmitted by tick bites

324
Q

lyme disease treatment

A

antibiotics

325
Q

Lyme disease untreated

A

neurological disorders, irregular heart disease, later arthritis

326
Q

muscles transform atp into

A

mechanical energy

327
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

328
Q

excitability

A

respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals

329
Q

contractability

A

contract forcefully when stimulated

330
Q

extensibility

A

stretch

331
Q

elasticity

A

return to original length

332
Q

epimysium

A

outermost layer, encircling entire muscle

333
Q

perimysium

A

surround fascicle

334
Q

endomysium

A

separate individual muscle fibers from one another

335
Q

tendon

A

cord that attaches muscle to bone

336
Q

aponurosis

A

broad, flattened tendon

337
Q

fascia

A

dense sheet CT that surrounds muscles, groups of muscle, blood vessel, nerve

338
Q

direct muscle attachment

A

epimysium of muscle fused to periosteum of bone or pericardium of cartilage

339
Q

indirect muscle attachment

A

CT wrappings extend beyond muscle as ropelike tendon or skeetlike aponeurosis

340
Q

skeletal muscle fiber anatomy

A

cylindrical cell 10-100 um in diameter, up to 30 cm long

341
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane

342
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm, many mitochondria

343
Q

glycosides

A

granules of stored glycogen, myoglobin for O2 storage

344
Q

muscle fibers cant

A

divide

345
Q

muscle has limited

A

regeneration

346
Q

hypertrophy

A

growing in size

347
Q

myofibrils

A

100-1000s of rod like structures

348
Q

myofibrils have to do with ____ function

A

contractile

349
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

membrane sacs, encircle each myofibril

350
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum stores

A

calcium ions

351
Q

release of ca2+ triggers

A

muscle contration

352
Q

Transverse (T) tubules

A

invagination of sarcolemma

353
Q

t tubules connect ___ to ____

A

plasma membrane, interior

354
Q

_____ travel through t tubules

A

muscle action potential

355
Q

triads

A

SR+t tubules

356
Q

triad function

A

ensure that action potential excites all parts of the muscle fiber at the same time

357
Q

80% of muscle cell volume is

A

myofibrils

358
Q

striations (muscle)

A

perfectly aligned series of dark A bands and light I bands

359
Q

two types of filaments

A

thick=myosin thin=actin

360
Q

sarcomere

A

compartments of arranged filaments

361
Q

basic functional unit of myofibril

A

sarcomere

362
Q

each sarcomere extends from

A

one z disc to another

363
Q

z discs

A

separate one sarcomere from the next, thin filaments attached

364
Q

A band

A

darker, middle part of sarcomere

365
Q

I band

A

lighter, only thin, z discs pass through center

366
Q

M line

A

support proteins that hold thick filaments together in H zone

367
Q

contractile protein

A

generate force during contraction

368
Q

regulatory protein

A

switch contraction process on and off

369
Q

structural protein

A

align filaments properly, link myofibrils to sarcolema

370
Q

myosin

A

thick filament, motor protein

371
Q

myosin converts __ into __

A

atp, motion

372
Q

myosin molecule __+___

A

tail 2 heads

373
Q

actin

A

thin filament

374
Q

___ anchored to z discs

A

actin

375
Q

provides site where myosin head can attach

A

actin

376
Q

tropomyosin and troponin responsible for

A

regulating whether actin and bind to myosin

anatomy 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions