Exam #2 Flashcards
distress and contentment
first emotions
coordinated interaction between mom and baby
helps infants learn when and how to express their emotions
Synchrony
look to others for cues on how to react
Social Referencing
pride, confidence, embarrassment, guilt, and shame emerge
requires self awareness
Self-Conscious Emotions
an inborn set of tendencies including emotional reactivity, activity level, attention, and self control
Temperament
some babies evoke certain responses from their caregivers
Evocative Genetic-Environmental correlation
relationship between the child’s temperament and his environment
goodness of fit
strong affectionate tie between infant and care giver
Attachment
Proximity seeking behaviors, distress at separation, happiness at reuniting, orienting actions to the caregiver
Four signs of secure attachment
Attachment Theory
John Bowlby
these expectations focus on how reliably we expect others to respond to us, and how worthy we feel of such responses
Inner working models
consistent, sensitive parenting forms the basis of a healthy what?
internal working model
secure attachment
Child begins to trust others, success depends on quality of caregivers behavior
Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust
learning to do things by themselves
Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame and doubt
early attachment to caregiver establishes how later relationships will happen. Through repeated interaction with adult figures children develop an internal working models of self and others
Bowlby’s view on attachment
rate is lower than first two years
lower body lengthens
appetite decreases
BMI is lowest at age 5-6
Physical growth
Brain develops faster than other body parts
75% of adult brain weight by age 2
Brain Development
when a child learns to cope with everyday challenges
positive stress
when more serious difficulties are buffered by caring adults
tolerable stress
when strong or prolonged adversity is experienced without adult support
toxic stress
Brain produces cortisol in response to stress
excessive cortisol can affect brain development
connections that should form may fail to form
effects of stress on the developing brain
relationship with a warm, responsive adult
Intervention for stress on developing brain
most common form of maltreatment
failure to meet a child’s basic needs
neglect
all actions that are deliberately harmful
abuse
prevent maltreatment from occurring in the first place
primary prevention
reducing danger in high-risk situations
secondary prevention
halt harm after it occurs and treat victim
tertiary prevention
symbolic thought
understanding that an object or word can stand for something else
Language is a good example
Preoperational Stage
mental actions that obey logical rules
Operations
tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others
centration
a particular type of centration
the tendency to perceive and interpret events exclusively from one own’s perspective
Egocentrism
failure to recognize that reversing a process brings about the original conditions
Irreversibility
attending to the outcome rather than the changes that produced the outcome
Static thinking
The cognitive ability to plan, remember, inhibit some impulses, and execute others
executive function
memory, inhibition, flexibility
three components of executive function
governs our ability to retain and manipulate distinct pieces of information over shorts periods of time
working memory
helps us sustain or shift attention in response to different demands or to apply different rules in different situations
mental flexibility
enables us to set priorities and resist impulsive actions or responsive
self-control
an understanding of human mental processes
everyday understanding about how the mind works
Theory of mind
realizing that one’s own belief may differ from someone who has false knowledge of a situation
false belief understanding
realization that you can think one thing and behave another way
deception
making a rough judgement about the meaning of the word
fast mapping
after learning a word, children use it to describe other objects in the same category
logical extension
