Exam 2 Flashcards
describe the flow of blood through the heart
1 deoxygenated blood enters from the superior or inferior vena cava
2 blood travels through the RIGHT atrium
3 (lub lub) through the tricuspid valve (aka RIGHT atroventricular valve)
4 blood travels through the RIGHT ventricle
5 (dub dub) through the pulmonary semilunar valve
6 blood travels through the pulmonary trunk
7 deoxygenated blood exits to the right and left lung from the right and left pulmonary ARTERIES
8 oxygenated blood reenters from the right and left lung into the 2 right & 2 left pulmonary VEINS
9 blood travels through the LEFT atrium
10 (lub lub) through the mitral/bicuspid valve (aka LEFT atroventricular valve)
11 blood travels through the LEFT ventricle
12 (dub dub) through the aortic semilunar valve
13 into aorta (ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta)
14 exits through the right brachiocephalic/common carotid artery - right subclavian artery, left brachiocephalic/common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery
foramen ovale
fetal shunt/opening between the right and left atria
fossa ovalis
was once a shunt/opening between right and left atria
foramen ovale is to fossa ovalis as
ductus arteriosus is to
ligamentum arteriosum
name the 4 heart valves
tricuspid valve/ RIGHT atroventricular valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
mitral/bicuspid valve/ LEFT atroventricular valve
aortic semilunar valve
name the 4 heart chambers
upper chambers: right and left atrium (atria)
lower chambers: right and left ventricles
systole
contraction of ventricles
diastole
relaxation of ventricles
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
trabeculae carnea
muscle within the ventricles
pectinate muscle
muscle within the atria (atriums)
chordae tendineae
papillary muscles
arteriole
primary controller of blood pressure
normal BP
less than 120 and less than 80
119/79
high BP
*hypertension
149/90 +
M.A.P
mean arterial pressure (blood pressure)
must be 60mmHg or greater
MAP = diastolic + (pulse pressure/3)
*example: 90/60
MAP = 60 + ((90-60)/3) MAP = 60 + (30/3) MAP = 60 + 10 MAP = 70
arteries and blood flow
blood vessels that always carry blood AWAY from the heart
veins and blood flow
blood vessels that always carry blood TOWARD the heart
sphygomomanometer
blood pressure cuff
where is blood pressure typically measured?
in the brachial artery
korotkoff
the two distinct sounds heard while taking blood pressure
describe the top and bottom numbers of blood pressure
top number - systolic - contraction
bottom number - diastolic - relaxation
the first heart sound (lub) is the closing of what?
tricuspid valve/ RIGHT atroventricular valve
mitral/bicuspid valve/ LEFT atroventricular valve
the second heart sound (dub) is the closing of what?
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
where are the sounds of the aortic and pulminary semilunar valves heard?
aortic - 2nd intercostal on right side
pulmonary - 2nd intercostal on left side
where are the sounds of the mitral and tricuspid valves heard?
mitral - 5th intercostal in line with middle of clavicle (left)
tricuspid - 5th intercostal on the right side
describe the intrinsic conduction system of the heart
SA node (pacemaker)
AV node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
SA node function and location
function: sends electrical signal that causes upper heart atria to contract
location: right upper chamber (atria)
AV node function and location
function: cause lower heart chambers (ventricles) to contract/pump
location: floor of thee right atrium/between atria and ventricles
what provides extrinsic control of the heart rate?
parasympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve x - longest cranial nerve from face to abdomen)
sympathetic nervous system
75 beats per minute
P wave of an EKG
SA node and atrial depolarization
QRS wave of an EKG
AV node and ventricular depolarization
T wave of an EKG
ventricular repolarization
capillary
smallest of the blood vessels
site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
murmurs
abnormal heart sounds
usually indicate valvular problems
*valves do not close tightly, so closure is followed by a wishing sound due to backflow of blood (regurgitation)
describe the celiac trunk and its branches
delivers blood to organs in abdomen
branches: left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery
name the 3 layers of a typical artery or vein
tunica intima
tunica media
tunic externa
