Exam 2 Flashcards by Alyicia Ewing

describe the flow of blood through the heart

1 deoxygenated blood enters from the superior or inferior vena cava
2 blood travels through the RIGHT atrium
3 (lub lub) through the tricuspid valve (aka RIGHT atroventricular valve)
4 blood travels through the RIGHT ventricle
5 (dub dub) through the pulmonary semilunar valve
6 blood travels through the pulmonary trunk
7 deoxygenated blood exits to the right and left lung from the right and left pulmonary ARTERIES
8 oxygenated blood reenters from the right and left lung into the 2 right & 2 left pulmonary VEINS
9 blood travels through the LEFT atrium
10 (lub lub) through the mitral/bicuspid valve (aka LEFT atroventricular valve)
11 blood travels through the LEFT ventricle
12 (dub dub) through the aortic semilunar valve
13 into aorta (ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta)
14 exits through the right brachiocephalic/common carotid artery - right subclavian artery, left brachiocephalic/common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery

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foramen ovale

fetal shunt/opening between the right and left atria

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fossa ovalis

was once a shunt/opening between right and left atria

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foramen ovale is to fossa ovalis as

ductus arteriosus is to

ligamentum arteriosum

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name the 4 heart valves

tricuspid valve/ RIGHT atroventricular valve

pulmonary semilunar valve

mitral/bicuspid valve/ LEFT atroventricular valve

aortic semilunar valve

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name the 4 heart chambers

upper chambers: right and left atrium (atria)

lower chambers: right and left ventricles

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systole

contraction of ventricles

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diastole

relaxation of ventricles

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pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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trabeculae carnea

muscle within the ventricles

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pectinate muscle

muscle within the atria (atriums)

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chordae tendineae

papillary muscles

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arteriole

primary controller of blood pressure

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normal BP

less than 120 and less than 80

119/79

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high BP

*hypertension

149/90 +

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M.A.P

mean arterial pressure (blood pressure)
must be 60mmHg or greater

MAP = diastolic + (pulse pressure/3)

*example: 90/60

MAP = 60 + ((90-60)/3)
MAP = 60 + (30/3)
MAP = 60 + 10
MAP = 70

arteries and blood flow

blood vessels that always carry blood AWAY from the heart

veins and blood flow

blood vessels that always carry blood TOWARD the heart

sphygomomanometer

blood pressure cuff

where is blood pressure typically measured?

in the brachial artery

korotkoff

the two distinct sounds heard while taking blood pressure

describe the top and bottom numbers of blood pressure

top number - systolic - contraction

bottom number - diastolic - relaxation

the first heart sound (lub) is the closing of what?

tricuspid valve/ RIGHT atroventricular valve

mitral/bicuspid valve/ LEFT atroventricular valve

the second heart sound (dub) is the closing of what?

pulmonary semilunar valve

aortic semilunar valve

where are the sounds of the aortic and pulminary semilunar valves heard?

aortic - 2nd intercostal on right side pulmonary - 2nd intercostal on left side

where are the sounds of the mitral and tricuspid valves heard?

mitral - 5th intercostal in line with middle of clavicle (left) tricuspid - 5th intercostal on the right side

describe the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

SA node (pacemaker) AV node Bundle of HIS Bundle branches Purkinje fibers

SA node function and location

function: sends electrical signal that causes upper heart atria to contract location: right upper chamber (atria)

AV node function and location

function: cause lower heart chambers (ventricles) to contract/pump location: floor of thee right atrium/between atria and ventricles

what provides extrinsic control of the heart rate?

parasympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve x - longest cranial nerve from face to abdomen) sympathetic nervous system ***75 beats per minute***

P wave of an EKG

SA node and atrial depolarization

QRS wave of an EKG

AV node and ventricular depolarization

T wave of an EKG

ventricular repolarization

capillary

smallest of the blood vessels site of nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between blood and tissue cells

murmurs

abnormal heart sounds usually indicate valvular problems *valves do not close tightly, so closure is followed by a wishing sound due to backflow of blood (regurgitation)

describe the celiac trunk and its branches

delivers blood to organs in abdomen branches: left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery

name the 3 layers of a typical artery or vein

tunica intima tunica media tunic externa