Exam 2 Flashcards
Pneum/o
air/lung
Angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
Isch/o
to hold back/block
My/o
muscle
Phleb/o
vein
Pulmon/o
lung
Peri-
around
Tachy-
rapid
Dys
bad;painful;difficult
Brady-
slow
Hypo
under,below;deficit
hyper
excessive, above normal
-osis
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
-ectomy
excision, removal
-emia
blood condition
-cardia
heart condition
-megaly
enlargement
wheeze
of a person) breathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages.
Empyema
the collection of pus in a cavity in the body, especially in the pleural cavity.
The chest (thoracic or pleural) cavity is a space that is enclosed by the spine, ribs, and sternum (breast bone)
Dysphonia
difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords.
Atelectasis
Complete or partial collapse of a lung or a section (lobe) of a lung.
Hypoxia
An absence of enough oxygen in the tissues to sustain bodily functions.
Tachypnea
abnormally rapid breathing.
PSG – polysomnography
Polysomnography, also called a sleep study, is a comprehensive test used to diagnose sleep disorders.
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose, either spontaneous or induced by nose picking or trauma.
Stridor
a harsh vibrating noise when breathing, caused by obstruction of the windpipe or larynx.
Pneumonia
Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid.
Pleural effusion
A buildup of fluid between the tissues that line the lungs and the chest.
Fluid can accumulate around the lungs due to poor pumping by the heart or by inflammation.
Thoracentesis
a procedure to remove fluid or air from around the lungs. A needle is put through the chest wall into the pleural space
Croup
An upper airway infection that blocks breathing and has a distinctive barking cough.
Croup generally occurs in children. laryngotracheobronchitis
Metastasis
the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
Antibiotic
a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
Corticosteroid
Commonly referred to as steroids, corticosteroids are a type of anti-inflammatory drug. They are typically used to treat rheumatologic diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels).
Antifungal
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete’s foot, ringworm, candidiasis, serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others.
Bruit
Abnormal blowing sound heard on auscultation and caused by turbulent blood flow through an artery
a sound, especially an abnormal one, heard through a stethoscope; a murmur.
Anaphylaxis
A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
The reaction can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to an allergen.
Hodgkin disease
Cancer of the part of the immune system called the lymphatic system.
As the cancer progresses, it limits the body’s ability to fight infection.
Multiple myeloma
A cancer of plasma cells.
The plasma cells are a type of white blood cell in the bone marrow. With this condition, a group of plasma cells becomes cancerous and multiplies. The disease can damage the bones, immune system, kidneys, and red blood cell count.
Thymoma
tumor of the thymus gland
a tumor originating from the epithelial cells of the thymus that is considered a rare malignancy. Thymomas are frequently associated with neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis; thymoma is found in 20% of patients with myasthenia gravis. Once diagnosed, thymomas may be removed surgically.
Murmur
A heart murmur is a blowing, whooshing, or rasping sound heard during a heartbeat. The sound is caused by turbulent (rough) blood flow through the heart valves or near the heart
Defibrillator
An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a small electronic device connected to the heart. It is used to continuously monitor and help regulate potentially fast and life-threatening electrical problems with the heart.
Aneurysm
A ballooning and weakened area in an artery.
Aneurysms often occur in the aorta, brain, back of the knee, intestine, or spleen. A ruptured aneurysm can result in internal bleeding, stroke, and can sometimes be fatal.
Embolus
a blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object which has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism.
Electrophoresis
A method used in clinical and research laboratories for separating molecules according to their size and electrical charge.
Catheterization
In cardiac catheterization (often called cardiac cath), your doctor puts a very small, flexible, hollow tube (called a catheter) into a blood vessel in the groin, arm, or neck. Then he or she threads it through the blood vessel into the aorta and into the heart. Once the catheter is in place, several tests may be done.
Endarterectomy
surgical removal of part of the inner lining of an artery, together with any obstructive deposits, most often carried out on the carotid artery or on vessels supplying the legs.
Ischemia
an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.
Angina
a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart.
Angiodynia
pain in a blood vessel
Pain attributed to vascular pathology; it is little used in the working medical parlance, with “vascular pain” being increasingly preferred.
Infarction
obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.
Varicose veins
Gnarled, enlarged veins, most commonly appearing in the legs and feet.
Varicose veins are generally benign. The cause of this condition is not known.
Arrhythmia
Improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast, or too slow.
Cardiac arrhythmia occurs when electrical impulses in the heart don’t work properly.
T cells
one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface. T cells are born from hematopoietic stem cells, found in the bone marrow.
SA node
The SA (sinoatrial) node generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. … The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart.
Stenosis
Spinal stenosis can put pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves within the spine. It commonly occurs in the neck and lower back. The condition is often caused by age-related wear and tear.
Thrombus
A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains there.
a blood clot formed in situ within the vascular system of the body and impeding blood flow.
Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles, often caused by heart failure
pulmonary edema
Blood clot in the lungs
pulmonary embolism
Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
A tracheotomy or a tracheostomy
Without/not breathing
apnea
A lobectomy is a procedure removing a portion of…
lung
A pulmonary function test tests what?
how well the lungs work
lung volume, capacity, rates of flow
A visual examination
endoscopic
Surgical removal of the lining of an artery
Carotid endarterectomy
Largest blood vessel in the body
aorta
Location of cervical lymph nodes
sides and back of neck
Process of blood cells clumping together
agglutination
The abbreviation for the term that means high blood pressure
HPB
Incision of a vein to withdraw blood
phlebotomy
Medical term for heart attack
myocardial infarction
Opportunistic infections
Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more often or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems than in people with healthy immune systems. People with weakened immune systems include people living with HIV
ECG
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the simplest and fastest tests used to evaluate the heart. Electrodes (small, plastic patches that stick to the skin) are placed at certain spots on the chest, arms, and legs. The electrodes are connected to an ECG machine by lead wires.
Exercise tolerance test that determines the heart’s response to physical activity
An exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) records your heart’s response to the stress of exercise. An exercise ECG measures your heart’s electrical activity, blood pressure and heart rate while you exercise, usually by walking on a treadmill.
Portable computerized defibrillator
Portable computerized defibrillator that analyzes the patient’s heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest (CA)
An AED is kept on emergency response vehicles and in public places, such as recreation facilities, and is designed to be used by trained first-responder personnel or lay people.
disease characterized by hardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
Infectious Mononucleosis
The virus that causes AIDS
HIV
Deficiency of blood flow to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction
ischemia
Respiratory system
Your lungs are part of the respiratory system, a group of organs and tissues that work together to help you breathe. The respiratory system’s main job is to move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases.
Cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system is the system responsible for delivering blood to different parts of the body. … The heart: A muscular pump that forces blood around the body. A closed system of blood vessels: These vessels include: Arteries: Vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Lymphatic system
They include protecting your body from illness-causing invaders, maintaining body fluid levels, absorbing digestive tract fats and removing cellular waste.
Each of the chambers of the heart (atriums and ventricles)
The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body.
Statins
class of lipid-lowering medications that reduce illness and mortality in those who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease. They are the most common cholesterol-lowering drugs.
Immunosuppressants
keeps immune system in check Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications, are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.
Thrombolytics
sometimes referred to as “clot busters”, are medications used as an emergency treatment for strokes and heart attacks.
Beta blockers
are medications that reduce blood pressure.
Tricuspid valve
The tricuspid valve is on the right side of the heart. It separates the upper and lower chambers, also known as the right atrium and ventricle. The valve allows deoxygenated blood to flow through both of the chambers. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, where it will be oxygenated.
Mitral valve
The mitral valve is located between the upper left heart chamber (left atrium) and the lower left heart chamber (left ventricle). A healthy mitral valve keeps your blood moving in the right direction.
Holter monitor
The Holter monitor is a type of portable electrocardiogram (ECG)
Structure of the heart to include endocardium, pericardium, myocardium
Three layers of tissue form the heart wall. The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium, the middle layer is the myocardium, and the inner layer is the endocardium.
Epicardium
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Comprised of mesothelial cells and fat and connective tissues
Myocardium
Muscle layer
Comprised of cardiomyocytes
Endocardium
Lines inner surface of heart chambers and valves
Comprised of a layer of endothelial cells, and a layer of subendocardial connective tissue
Veins
Veins are blood vessels in humans, and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
Arteries
The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers: … The media, a layer of muscle that lets arteries handle the high pressures from the heart.
Capillaries
Capillaries (CAP-uh-lair-eez) are tiny blood vessels that transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your vascular (blood vessel) system. … They are called continuous because these cells sit close together, one after the other.
Arterioles
a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries.
CBC
A CBC measures the amounts of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood.
A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia. A complete blood count test measures several components and features of your blood, including: Red blood cells, which carry oxygen.
ELISA
ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunoassay. It is a commonly used laboratory test to detect antibodies in the blood. An antibody is a protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens.
Troponin
Troponin is a type of protein found in the muscles of your heart.
Troponin, or the troponin complex, is a complex of three regulatory proteins that are integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle.
Immunizations
vaccines
