Exam 2 Flashcards
Impetigo is caused by what bacteria?
Staphylococci and/or streptococci
Medication used for ringworm on scalp?
oral griseofulvin for about 8 weeks
-monitor liver bloodwork
Recommended hot water temperature from CDC?
120 degrees
At what age is sunscreen appropriate for children?
6 months
When is the newborn metabolic screening done?
after 24 hours of age
Most common form of precocious puberty
central precocious puberty
Management for delayed puberty
testosterone for males
estradiol conjugated for females
How long do antifungals need to be used for tinea infections?
at least 4 weeks
When should the neural tube close?
3rd and 4th week of gestation.
Non communicating causes of hydrocephaly?
arnold chiari malformation, tumors
Communicating causes of hydrocephaly?
intrauterine infections, hemorrhage
What is considered epilepsy?
2 or more unprovoked seizures > 24 hours apart. Epilepsy occurs within the brain.
Febrile seizures are most common in what age group?
< 5 years old
Common bacterial causes of meningitis in newborns
Group B strep, E choli, Listeria monocytogenes
Common bacterial causes of meningitis in infants and children?
Strep pneumonia, Neisseria meningitis, Hib
Bacterial causes of meningitis in adolescents and young adults?
Neisseria meningitis, strep pneumoniae
What is the Barlow test?
when there is a clunk when displacing the femoral head posteriorly from the acetabulum
What is the ortolani maneuver?
clunk when you relocate a dislocated hip
What is a Galeazzi sign?
symmetry in the height of the knees
Risk factors for meningitis
being in close quarters (sports teams, sharing water bottles, living in a dorm).
Vaccines given to infants and children for prevention of meningitis
pneumococcal and Hib starting at 2 months
When is the meningococcal vaccine given?
11-12 and booster at 16
When does the neural tube close?
3-4th week of gestation
What may alter brain and spinal cord development?
If the fetus suffers infection, trauma, malnutrition, or teratogen exposure during 3rd-4th week of gestation
What is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?
genetic motor neuron disease that affects the spinal nerves ability to communicate with the muscles
Why is meperidine avoided for pain in sickle cell patients?
risk of seizures
Symptoms of splenic sequestration
profound anemia, hypovolemia, and shock
Causes of splenic sequestration?
pooling of blood and clumping of blood in the spleen
When is hemoglobin A transferred to infants
about 6 months
How much iron store from mother does the infant have before needing to take iron fortified formula or foods?
6 months
What is thalassemia?
unable to produce normal hemoglobin
What is Hemosiderosis?
Excessive supply of iron
What causes hemosiderosis in Beta Thalassemia?
result of rapid hemolysis of RBCs, the decrease in hemoglobin production, and the increased absorption of dietary iron in response to the severely anemic state.
What is the goal of tx for beta thalassemia?
maintain normal hemoglobin levels by the administration of blood transfusions
drug used for chelation therapy in beta thalessemia to treat iron overload?
Deferoxamine or deferasirox
S/sx of pyloric stenosis?
projectile vomiting, hunger, weight loss, dehydration with fluid and electrolyte disturbances, increased abd distention, palpable olive shape mass in the epigastric area.
What is a pyloric stenosis?
muscle around the pylorus enlarges and leads to obstruction during the 1st 3 months of life
Risk factors for intussusception
male gender, Meckel diverticulum, duplication cysts, polyps, hemangiomas, tumors, appendix, CF, celiac disease, crohn’s disease
signs of ulcerative colitis
rectal bleeding, severe diarrhea, less frequent pain, mild/mod anorexia, moderate wt. loss, mild growth delay, limited to colon or rectum
Signs of crohn’s
uncommon to bleed, mod/severe diarrhea, pain is common, maybe severe anorexia, maybe severe wt. loss, maybe severe FTT, extra-gut sx, peri-anal skin tags, any part of GI tract especially the ileum
clinical manifestations of acute glomerulonephritis
Fever Lethargy Headache Decreased urine output Abdominal pain Vomiting Anorexia Edema Hematuria Proteinuria cola colored urine
clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome
marked edema (recent weight gain) N/V weakness/fatigue fussiness/irritability massive proteinuria (3+), possibly hematuria serum protein and albumin levels low
Management of glomerulonephritis
correct HTN, Na and fluid restrictions, daily weight, close neuro monitoring for encephalopathy and sz
Management of nephrotic syndrome
- I/O, daily weight, assess edema, fluid restrictions, diuretics.
- corticosteroids
- IV albumin
- low NaCl
- immunosuppressive therapy (cytoxan-can help minimize risk of relapse)
UTI risk factors
uncircumcised males < 3 plumbing abnormalities shorter urethra constipation hygiene issues
What is a VCUG
The bladder is filled with contrast material via catheterization. Fluoroscopy is performed to demonstrate filling of the bladder and collapsing after emptying
Indications for VCUG
Hematuria, urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux, suspected structural anomalies
