Exam 2 Flashcards
Behaviorism
a theory of learning that that focuses on observations of behavior
classical conditioning
organisms learn association between 2 stimuli, as a result the organism anticipates an event
Operant conditioning
learn association through behavior and consequence
-learn to increase behaviors associated with reward
Observational learning
when a behavior is observed, then imitated
unconditioned stimulus (US)
is a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning; food was the US in Pavlov’s experiments.
unconditioned response (UR)
is an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the US.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
is a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned response (CR)
is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS–US pairing
Acquisition
is the initial learning of the connection between the US and CS when these two stimuli are paired
- bell and food - sugar water and peppermint smell - during acquisition the CS is repeatedly present after the US, eventually the CS will produce the responce
Generalization
in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
Discrimination
in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
Extinction
in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
TASTE AVERSION LEARNING
-sushi and jazz example
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior
Rewards for every step closer to the goal even when not achieved
Positive Reinforcement
frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by
something that increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Negative Reinforcement
Nagging example (dad’s nagging is unpleasant reinforcement)
Even though the enforcement is negative, it still increases the likelihood of a behaviorPrimary Reinforcer
is innately satisfying; does not require any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable
Ex. Food, Water, Sexual Satisfaction
Secondary Reinforcer
Acquires positive value through experience. A learned or conditioned behavior.
Schedules of Reinforcement
Specific patterns that determine when a behavior is reinforced Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval
Ratio Schedules
involve the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to reward
Interval Schedules
involve the amount of time that must pass before behavior is rewarded
Punishment
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
Ex. Playing with matches and getting burned
Positive Punishment
a behavior decreases when it is followed by a stimulus
Ex. Getting scolded or forced to run laps
Negative Punishment
a behavior decreases when stimulus is removed
Ex. Isolation
Encoding
The process by which information gets into memory storage
Elaboration
Elaboration: The formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory
Ex. Like creating a spider web of links between information
Atkins-shiffrin theory
memory storage involves 3 systems
- Sensory memory- fraction of a second to several seconds
- short term memory- up to 30 seconds
- long term memory- up to a life time
Average capacity of short term memory
7 plus or minus 2
Chunking
Chunking involves grouping or “packing” information that exceeds the 7 ± 2 memory span into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.
Implicit memory
(non-declarative) remembers non conscious skills and sensory perceptions. “how”
Explicit memory-
(declarative) Recollection of information specific to facts and events. (who, what, when, where, and why) can be verbally communicated
Episodic memory
the retention of information about “when, where, and what” of life events ex, where you were when your sibling was born
Semantic memory
is a person’s knowledge about the world. It includes one’s areas of expertise, general knowledge of the sort learned in school, and everyday knowledge about the meanings of words, famous individuals, important places, and common things. For example, semantic memory is involved in a person’s knowledge of chess, of geometry, and of who the Dalai Lama, LeBron James, and Lady Gaga are.
Recognition
is a memory task in which the individual only has to identify (recognize) learned items, as on multiple-choice tests. Recall tests such as essay tests have poor retrieval cues.
Recall
is a memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned information
Retrograde amnesia
memory loss that affects the past
Anterograde amnesia
memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events
Intelligence
as an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.
