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PSY 101 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Nervous System

A

the body’s electrochemical communication circuitry.

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2
Q

Characteristics of the Nervous System

A

Complexity: orchestration of billions of nerve cells (sing, dance, write, talk, seeing, reading..)

Integration: pulls information together

Adaptability: ability to function in a changing world.
(Plasticity): The brain’s special ability for change (the cab driver example)

Electrochemical Transmission: Brain and Nervous System work as an information processing. System powered by electrical impulses and chemical messengers

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3
Q

Afferent Nerves (Input)

A

Sensory nerves that carry information to the spinal cord. Communicate information from external environment.
(Seeing a sunset and being tired)

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4
Q

Efferent Nerves (Output)

A

Motor nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord.

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5
Q

Neural Networks

A

Interconnected groups of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output. Make up most of your brain.

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6
Q

More than 99% of nerves are in the….

A

Central Nervous System (the brain and spinal cord)

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Connects brain and spinal cord to body, Carries out commands of CNS to execute muscular and glandular activities.

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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

consists of sensory nerves (afferent)

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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Involuntary bodily functions

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10
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Arouses the body to mobilize it for action

Fight or Flight

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11
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Calms the body down

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12
Q

Stressors

A

Circumstances or events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities

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13
Q

Corticosteroids (Stress)

A

Powerful stress hormones. Help the brain focus on what needs to be done NOW

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14
Q

Acute Stress

A

Momentary stress over life experiences. Stress ends after event ends

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15
Q

Chronic Stress

A

Continuous stress. Even after event ends.

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Changing how you view stressful events, you can avoid the body’s stress responses

A

True

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17
Q

2 Types of Nerve Cells

A

Neurons and Glial

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18
Q

Neuron cells

A

Transmit information throughout the nervous system

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19
Q

Glial cells

A

Provide support and nutritional benefits to the nervous system

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20
Q

Dendrite

A

Tree like fibers projecting from the neuron. They receive information and orient
towards the neuron’s cell body.

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21
Q

Axon

A

Part of the nucleus that carries information away from cell body to other cells

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22
Q

Myelin Sheath-

A

a layer of cells, containing fat, that encase and insulate most axons.
Speeds up transmission of nerve pulses. Glial cells provide Myalin.

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23
Q

Nerve impulses

A

Electrical signals

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24
Q

Most notable ions

A

Sodium, Potassium

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25
Q

Action Potential

A

a brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the Axon
Lasts 1/10,000 of a second

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26
Q

All-or-nothing principal

A

nce the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (threashold) it fires, and moves all the way down the Axon without losing intensity

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27
Q

Synaps

A

Tiny spaces between neurons

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28
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

transmit or carry information across a gap

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29
Q

Acetylcholine

A

stimulates firing of neurons for muscles, learning, and memory
Alzheimers have an Acetylcholine deficiency

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30
Q

GABA

A

(Gama aminobutyric acid)- found in central nervous system
Keeps many neurons from firing
-Precise control of signal

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31
Q

Glumate

A

learning and memory

Too much can generate migraines, headaches, seizures

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32
Q

Norepinephrine

A

inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system, but excites the heart, intestinal, and urogenital muscles

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33
Q

Dopamine

A

controls voluntary movement and affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, and ability to recognise rewards
Related to the personality trait of extraversion

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34
Q

Serotonin

A

regulation of sleep, mood, attention, and learning
Teams up with Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
Key to maintaining plasticity (ability to change)

35
Q

Endorphins

A

natural opiates that stimulate firing

Shield body from pain and elevate pleasure

36
Q

Oxytocin

A

hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a role in the experience of love and social bonding
Stimulated by childbirth and lactation, love at first sight
Mostly a female hormone

37
Q

3 ways of studying the brain

A

Brain lesioning, Brain imaging, Electrical recording

38
Q

Hindbrain

A

located at the skulls rear, the lowest portion of the brain

Regulates breathing, heart rate, arousal, survival function

39
Q

Main parts of the Hindbrain

A

the Medulla, the cerebellum and the pons

40
Q

Medulla

A

Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull

Regulates breathing, heart rate and reflex

41
Q

Cerebellum

A

above the medulla, and extends from the rear of the hind brain
Consists of two round structures
Controls motor function like leg and arm movements

42
Q

Pons

A

bridge in the hind brain that connects the cerebellum and the brain stem

43
Q

Brain stem

A

includes much of the hindbrain and the midbrain. DOES NOT INCLUDE THE CEREBELLUM
Connects the spinal cord to the reticular formation

44
Q

Midbrain

A

located between the hindbrain and forebrain

Relays information between the brain, eyes, and ears

45
Q

Reticular formation

A

a collection of nerves involved in patterns of behavior such as walking, sleeping and turning to attend something like a noise

46
Q

Forebrain

A

the brains largest division and most forward part

47
Q

The limbic system

A

A network of structures under the cerebral cortex.

Important for memory and emotion

48
Q

2 principal structures of the limbic system

A

Amygdala, Hippocampus

49
Q

Hippocampus

A

special role in the storage of memories

Extensive damage to the hippocampus results in the inability to remember new memories

50
Q

Amygdala

A

almond shaped structure inside the brain towards the base (one on each side)
Involved in the discrimination of objects needed for survival
Food, mates, social rivals

51
Q

The thalamus

A

A structure that sits on top of the brain stem, in the central core of the brain.

Serves as a relay station
Sort information and send to the appropriate place
Ex input from the cerebellum, output to a motor area of the cerebral cortex

52
Q

The basal ganglia

A

A cluster of neurons that sits below the cerebral cortex and atop the thalamus.

Work with the cerebellum and cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movement

53
Q

The hypothalamus

A

A small structure just below the thalamus.
Monitors eating, drinking, sex
Regulates the bodies internal state
Responsible for the secretion of hormones and neural outputs
Ex- blood near the hypothalamus increases by 1-2 degrees, the hypo increases circulation to the sweat glands to cool off

54
Q

The cerebral cortex

A

The outer layer of the brain.
Part of the forebrain, most recent development in the evolutionary scheme
Cortex means ‘Bark’ (tree bark)
Responsible for the most complex functions such as thinking and planning

55
Q

Neocortex

A

makes up 80% of the cortex

Size of neocortex strongly related to size of social group where organisms live

56
Q

Lobes

A

the cortex is divided into 2 halves called hemispheres, each sphere has 4 lobes

57
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

Occipital, Temporal, Frontal, Parietal

58
Q

Occipital lobe

A

located at the back of the head, responds to visual stimuli

Color, shap, and motion

59
Q

Temporal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex above the ears
Hearing, language, and processing memory
Numerous connections to the limbic system
Damage here results in issues with long term memory

60
Q

Frontal lobe

A

cerebral cortex behind forehead

Involved in personality, intelligence, control of voluntary muscles

61
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

at the front of the motor cortex

Involved in higher cognitive function such as planing, reasoning, and self control

62
Q

Parietal lobe

A

top and toward the rear of the head
Involved in registering spacial location, attention, and motor control
Ex- judging how far to throw a ball

63
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

located at the front of parietal lobes

processes information about body sensations

64
Q

Motor cortex

A

located at the rear of the frontal lobes

Processes information about voluntary movements

65
Q

Association cortex

A

Makes of 75% of the cerebral cortex
Regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate sensory and motor information
Highest functions such as thinking and problem solving happen here
Each sensory system has its own association area in the cerebral cortex
Largest portion of the association cortex is located in the frontal lobes

66
Q

Brochs area

A

area of the brain that plays in important role in speech.

67
Q

Wernicks area

A

damage here causes problems with comprehension

68
Q

Corpus callum

A

large bundle of Axon connecting the two hemispheres together

69
Q

Endocrine system

A

consists of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the blood stream

70
Q

Glands

A

organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions

71
Q

What does the brain’s hypothalamus connect

A

the nervous system with the endocrine system

72
Q

Hormones

A

produced by the endocrine system, are chemical messengers

73
Q

Pituitary gland

A

pea sized gland just beneath the hypothalamus

Controls growth and regulates other glands (Master gland)

74
Q

Adrenal glands

A

located on top of the kidneys
Regulate mood and energy
Secrete adrenalin and norepinephrine

75
Q

Pancreas

A

ocated under the stomach
Performs digestive and endocrine functions
Produces insulin

76
Q

Ovaries and testes

A

produce sex hormons

Important role in developing sexual characteristics

77
Q

3 types of brain repair

A

Collateral sprouting, Substitution of function, Neurogenesis

78
Q

Collateral sprouting

A

when axons of healthy neurons adjacent to the damaged cell grow new branches

79
Q

Substitution of function

A

the damaged regions function is taken over by another area of the brain

80
Q

Neurogenesis

A

new neurons are generated

81
Q

Brain grafts

A

implants of health tissue into damaged brains

82
Q

Stem cells

A

primitive cells that have the capacity to develop into most types of human cells

83
Q

The human body contains how many types of cells

A

220

PSY 101 (5 decks)

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