Exam 1a - Lecture 1 (through pg 28) Flashcards
the study of the morphology of those structures that make up an organism. It is a
diverse area of study that consists of many subdivisions.
ANATOMY
the study of cells, tissues, and organs as
viewed with a light, electron, or scanning microscope.
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
the study of the cellular and
structural changes occurring during the growth and development of an organism.
DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
the macroscopic study of structures with the aid of dissection.
GROSS ANATOMY
the microscopic and macroscopic study of the nervous system.
NEUROANATOMY
the study of the microscopic and macroscopic
morphology as it relates to the functions or processes of an organism.
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
the microscopic and macroscopic study and identification of diseases.
PATHOLOGY
the application of gross anatomy to surgical procedures and interventions.
SURGICAL ANATOMY
the study and identification of structures visible or palpable on the outside surface of an organism.
SURFACE ANATOMY
ANATOMICAL POSITION
standing with the torso straight, the head facing straight forward, the arms at the sides of the
body with the palms of the hand facing forward, the legs straight and together, and the feet
parallel or slightly toed out.
ANTERIOR
toward the front of the body, forward, opposite of posterior (dorsal).
POSTERIOR
toward the back, behind, backward, opposite of anterior.
VENTRAL
toward the abdomen, toward the front of the body, same as anterior in the anatomical position, opposite of dorsal.
DORSAL
toward the back or vertebral column, same as posterior in the anatomical position, opposite of ventral.
SUPERIOR
upward, above something else, opposite inferior.
INFERIOR
downward, below something else, opposite of superior.
CRANIAL
toward the head, same as superior in the anatomical position, opposite of caudal.
CAUDAL
toward the end of the spine, toward the tail bone (coccyx), same as inferior in the anatomical position, opposite cranial.
MEDIAL
toward the midline, commonly used in reference to another structure.
LATERAL
away from the midline, commonly used in reference to another structure.
PROXIMAL
point nearest the trunk, near the start or origin of a structure, opposite of distal.
DISTAL
point away from the trunk, away from the origin or start of structure, opposite of proximal.
SUPINE
lying face up, hands positioned palms up, opposite of prone.
PRONE
lying face down, hands positioned palms down, opposite of supine.
on one side.
UNILATERAL
on both sides.
BILATERAL
on the same side.
IPSILATERAL
on the opposite side.
CONTRALATERAL
below the surface, underneath another structure, opposite of superficial.
DEEP
pertaining to the surface, near or at the surface, opposite of deep.
SUPERFICIAL
toward or near the middle of a body or structure, opposite of peripheral.
CENTRAL
away from the center, towards the periphery, opposite of central.
PERIPHERAL
toward the interior of an organ, structure or cavity, inside, enclosed by other structures.
INTERNAL
toward the exterior of an organ, structure or cavity, outside.
EXTERNAL
pertaining to the wall of a cavity.
PARIETAL
pertaining to internal organs lying in a cavity.
VISCERAL
pertaining to the body or trunk or to the structure of the body wall, opposite of visceral.
SOMATIC
SAGITTAL PLANES (YZ plane)
divide the body into right and left parts.
MID-SAGITTAL or MEDIAN SAGITTAL PLANE
lies on the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves
PARASAGITTAL PLANES
divide the body into unequal right and left parts.
FRONTAL or CORONAL PLANES (XY plane)
divide the body into front and back parts and may be located anywhere between the front and back limits of the body.
TRANSVERSE or HORIZONTAL PLANES (XZ plane)
divide the body into upper and lower parts and may lie anywhere between the top of the head and the bottom of the feet.
LONGITUDINAL (vertical)
SECTIONS
cut the body or body parts lengthwise.These sections may run along the frontal or sagittal planes, or they may run obliquely to these planes.
TRANSVERSE SECTIONS or
CROSS SECTIONS
cut the body or body parts horizontally. These sections may run along transverse planes that are at right angles or oblique to the long axis of the body or body parts.
TRIPLANAR
Joint movement diagonal to all three cardinal planes. Is the result of a combination of flexion or extension in the sagittal plane, abduction or adduction in the frontal plane and rotation in the transverse plane.
ONE DEGREE OF JOINT FREEDOM.
Movement in one cardinal plane