1.1

Question 1

In the anatomical position, describe the position of the following structures on your body using the terms distal, proximal, lateral, medial, ventral, dorsal, superior, and inferior

a) elbow
b) index finger
c) ankle
d) sternum
e) scapula

Answer 1

• Elbow: distal to the shoulder, proximal to the wrist, lateral to trunk
• Index finger: distal to the metacarpals, medial to thumb, lateral to middle finger
• Ankle: superior to the foot, inferior to the knee
• Sternum: ventral, medial to the ribs, inferior the clavicle
• Scapula: dorsal, lateral to the thoracic spine, superior to pelvis

Question 2

In what degree of burn and stage of ulcer is the wound site painless and why?

Answer 2

3rd and 4th degree burns and 3rd and 4th stage ulcers are painless because dermis and the subcutaneous layers are involved and nerve endings in the damaged area are thus destroyed.

Question 3

Name the layers of the skin.

Answer 3

Epidermis: stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Dermis:
- Papillary layer of loose CT
- Reticular layer of dense CT
Subcutaneous layer
- Deep to skin
- Loose CT, elastic fibers, fat

Question 4

Name the primary functions of the skin.

Answer 4

Sensory reception
Regulation of body temp
Prevention of fluid loss
Absorption of UV radiation

Question 5

Epithelium lining the trachea
Other locations: primary bronchi, epididymis and vas deferens
Function: absorption, secretion, transport

Answer 5

Pseudostratified columnar

Question 6

Simple columnar (location, function)

Answer 6

Epithelium lining the stomach.

• Other locations: ducts of glands, stomach intestines, bronchi
• Function: absorption, secretion, protection, transport

Question 7

Epithelium in the collecting ducts of the kidney

• Other locations: ducts of glands, renal tubules, bronchioles
• Function: absorption, secretion, protection

Answer 7

Simple cuboidal

Question 8

Simple squamous (location, function)

Answer 8

Epithelium lining a blood vessel (endothelium)

• Other locations: alveoli, visceral pleura, serous visceral pericardium, visceral peritoneum
• Funciton: regulate gas, metabolite and fluid exchange; support; protection

Question 9

Type I Collagen

Answer 9

90% of all collagen

• Dermis, tendon, ligament, fibrocartilage, bone, fascia
• Function: resist tension and stretching

Question 10

• Hyaline and elastic cartilage (also fibrocartilage)

- Function: resist tensile strain when cartilage is compressed.

Answer 10

Type II Collagen

Question 11

What is the difference between a third-degree burn and a second-stage ulcer?

Answer 11

The second stage ulcer is less deep (does not involve the subcutaneous layer) and it is painful.

Question 12

What structures of the dermis are damaged with a third-degree burn?

Answer 12

Nerves, blood vessels, receptors, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

Question 13

What type of epidermis is needed with a skin graft to ensure that the epidermis regenerates?

Answer 13

Stratum basale

Question 14

What type of epithelium can be found in the respiratory trachea, bronchi and lungs?

Answer 14

Simple columnar epithelium lines the bronchi of the lungs, simple cuboidal epithelium the bronchioles, pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in the trachea and primary bronchi, simple squamous is found in the alveolae, blood vessels, capillaries.

Question 15

Where would you find simple squamous epithelium (4)?

Answer 15

(1) The lining of blood vessels, (2) alveoli of the lungs, (3) lining the outside of the lungs as visceral pleura, the heart as the serous pericardium and the intestines as the visceral peritoneum, and (4) lining of the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities (parietal pleura and peritoneum)

Question 16

Which epithelia are active in absorption and secretion?

Answer 16

Simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 17

Types of dense regular connective tissue

Answer 17

tendons, ligaments, fascia, aponeuroses

Question 18

What is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 18

• Costal cartilage, articular cartilage of most joints, epiphyseal growth plates, trachea, larynx, nasal septum
• fine network of Type II collagen fibers

Question 19

• Periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules, Epi- & peri- neurium, reticular layer of dermis
• packed with collagen bundles arranged in various directions; few fibroblasts and macrophages
• limits or resists the mobility of structures in multiple directions

Answer 19

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 20

• Subcutaneous, sup fascia, epimysium, dermis
• contains many different cells including loosely arranged collagen fibers, fibroblast and cells associated with inflammation and the immune system
• allows mobility of structures

Answer 20

Loose connective tissue

Question 21

What are the 3 types of epithelia?

Answer 21

1) specialized
2) glandular
3) surface epithelia

Question 22

What are the 6 types of surface epithelia?

Answer 22

1) simple squamous
2) simple cuboidal
3) simple colunmar
4) pseudostratified
5) stratified squamous (mucous)
6) stratified squamous (cutaneous)

Question 23

What type of epithelium do PT normally work with?

Answer 23

stratified squamous cutaneous

Question 24

When dealing with a 1st degree burn, what part of the skin is damaged, what happens as a result of the burn and is it painful?

Answer 24

• it is localized and the epidermis is affected
• the result is slight edema
• painful

Question 25

When dealing with a 2nd degree burn, what part of the skin is damaged, what happens as a result of the burn and is it painful?

Answer 25

• superficial derma
• edema and blister formation
• very painful

Question 26

When dealing with a 3rd degree burn, what part of the skin is damaged, what happens as a result of the burn and is it painful?

Answer 26

• epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous
• loss of fluids and risk of infection
• painless

Question 27

When dealing with a 4th degree burn, what part of the skin is damaged, what happens as a result of the burn and is it painful?

Answer 27

• epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous, muscle &/or bone
• turns BLACK, loss of fluid and prone to infection
• no pain

Question 28

When dealing with a stage 1 decubitus ulcer, what part of the skin is damaged, what happens as a result and is it painful?

Answer 28

• partial epidermis
• irregular wound edge, area becomes warm, slight edema
• painful

Question 29

When dealing with a stage 3 decubitus ulcer, what part of the skin is damaged, what happens as a result and is it painful?

Answer 29

• full thickness
• muscle becomes exposed, deep draining ulcer, foul odor
• painless

Question 30

When and where are decubitus ulcers most likely to form?

Answer 30

When there is a lack of mobility and on prominent bony structures.

Question 31

Stratus squamous keratinized epithelium makes up which layer of the skin?

Answer 31

epidermis

Question 32

Where are the stratified squamous (mucous) epithelium found and what is their primary focus?

Answer 32

Location: oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anal canal

FCN: protection, lubrication

Question 33

Where are the stratified squamous (cutaneous) epithelium found and what is their function?

Answer 33

Location: epithelium of the skin (epidermis)

FCN: protection