EXAM Flashcards by Sierra Fernandes

Which of the following divisions of the nervous system are subdivision(s) of the autonomic nervous system?

A. The somatic nervous system only
B. The sympathetic nervous system only
C. The parasympathetic nervous system only
D. The somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems are all part of the autonomic nervous system.
E. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are part of the autonomic nervous system but not the somatic nervous system.

E. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are part of the autonomic nervous system but not the somatic nervous system.

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Ion channels that are opened or closed depending on the binding of a neurotransmitter, like a key fitting into a lock, are called:

A. Voltage-gated ion channels
B. Chemically gated ion channels
C. Molecule-gated ion channels
D. Mechanical-gated ion channels
E. Locked-gated ion channels

B. Chemically gated ion channels

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Which of the following ions does NOT play a major role in how neurons send electrical signals down the axon, causing the release of neurotransmitters?

A. Sodium (Na+)
B. Potassium (K+)
C. Calcium (Ca++)
D. Hydrogen (H+)
E. None of the above are true.

D. Hydrogen (H+)

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Thomas took too much heroin and was overdosing. A paramedic quickly administered naloxone. Naloxone kicks out heroin and prevents it from binding to opioid receptors. It also blocks the receptor from being activated. In other words, naloxone hinders the function of our endogenous (internal) opioid system. Therefore, naloxone acts as an opioid:

A. Antagonist
B. Agonist
C. Facilitatory
D. Competitor
E. Rival

A. Antagonist

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The corpus callosum is

A. One of the main structures of the limbic system.
B. A small cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that regulates sex hormones.
C. A large tract of myelinated axons that sends signals between the two hemispheres of the brain.
D. The spring connective tissue in the meninges that helps protect the brain.
E. The structure that connects the thalamus to the occipital lobe, which relays visual information.

C. A large tract of myelinated axons that sends signals between the two hemispheres of the brain.

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Since curare interferes with acetylcholine functioning, we would assume it is a(n)

A. Agonist.
B. Antagonist.
C. Substance that destroys neurons with acetylcholine receptors.
D. Toxin released by neurons that binds to acetylcholine receptors.
E. Inhibitory neurotransmitter

B. Antagonist.

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The effect of the botulism toxin (also known as Botox) on acetylcholine is to

A. Increase the amount of acetylcholine available.
B. Inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the terminal buttons.
C. Destroy acetylcholine within the synapse.
D. Prevent the production of acetylcholine in the vesicles.

B. Inhibit the release of acetylcholine from the terminal buttons.

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Which of the following subcortical structures plays an important role in fear processing?

A. Hypothalamus
B. Hippocampus
C. Amygdala
D. Basal ganglia

C. Amygdala

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Which of the following structures is important for experiencing reward?

A. Frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
B. Nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia
C. Frontal lobe of the basal ganglia
D. Bucleus accumbens of the cerebral cortex
E. Nucleus Dopamineous

E. Nucleus Dopamineous

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Cocaine causes dopamine to remain at the site of the synapse longer than it normally would, therefore inhibiting the ________ of dopamine.

A. Recycling
B. Reabsorption
C. Reuse
D. Reuptake

D. Reuptake

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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

A. Planning motor responses
B. Converting short term memory to long term memory
C. A relay station for sensory information
D. Visual processing
E. Hormone regulation

E. Hormone regulation

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Which neuroimaging technique measures oxygen in red blood cells?

A. PET scans
B. Diffusion tensor imaging
C. fMRI
D. CT scan
E. tDCS

C. CT scan

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Sarah is holding Scotts hand during a scary movie, suddenly she squeezes his hand

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Sarah is holding Scotts hand during a scary movie, suddenly, she squeezes his hand very hand. When she does this the neurons in Scott’s hand will:

A. Enter an absolute refractory period
B. Release more chloride ions
C. Start to fire at a faster rate
D. Send stronger signals to his central nervous system
E. Fire larger action potential through the axon

C. Start to fire at a faster rate

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The “gray matter” and the “white matter” refers to:

A. Brains parts whose function we are not sure of, and parts whose function we know
B. The color of the unused brain tissue versus the color of the active brain tissue
C. The color of the cell bodies versus the color of the axons
D. The color of the spinal cord versus the color of the cortex
E. The color of sodium ions versus the color of potassium ions

C. The color of the cell bodies versus the color of the axons

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The WEIRD problem in psychology is about:

A. The fact that a good deal of research in psychology provides results that do not represent real-world conditions or situations.
B. The fact that results of research in psychology are not often replicated if the experiment is conducted again.
C. The fact that most experiments are not conducted more than once, disregarding the fifth stage in the scientific method, replication.
D. Not having enough ethnic, racial, and socio-economic diversity among the participants in research.
E. Journal articles or books on psychology not being written in a natural-language style; this style makes it very difficult for people outside of the field to understand

D. Not having enough ethnic, racial, and socio-economic diversity among the participants in research.

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Dr. Cohen is conducting research on how antidepressant medication reduces the symptoms of depression. One group of people received the antidepressant, and a control group received a pill with no active ingredients. In both cases, the pills looked identical, and the participants did not know whether they were getting the antidepressant medication or the other pill. An experiment needs both groups because of:

A. The confounding variable effect
B. The placebo effect
C. The experimental bias effect
D. The palliative effect
E. The expectation effect

B. The placebo effect

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Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal research design?:

A. A researcher is interested in studying the age-related symptoms of anxiety. The researcher asks 100 people to fill out a survey about anxiety. Of those people, 20 participants are age 20, 20 are age 30, 20 are age 40, and 20 are age 50.
B. A researcher studied a single patient known by the initials R. D. who had a tumor in their temporal lobe. The tumor caused R. D. to lose the ability to recognize faces.
C. A developmental psychologist conducts her research by observing children in a classroom through a one-way mirror.
D. A researcher is interested in the genetic influence on measures of personality. In their research, the researcher follows 24 sets of identical twins. Once a year for 30 years, the researcher returned to the same participants and had each complete a personality survey.
E. A researcher does not conduct new research but evaluates the results of many studies that address very similar topics.

D. A researcher is interested in the genetic influence on measures of personality. In their research, the researcher follows 24 sets of identical twins. Once a year for 30 years, the researcher returned to the same participants and had each complete a personality survey.

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The standard deviation is:

A. A measure of the central tendency of a data set.
B. A way to identify outliers or extreme data points in a data set.
C. A measure of variance in a data set.
D. A way of randomly picking research participants for an experiment.
E. A way of identifying confounding variables in an experimental design.

C. A measure of variance in a data set.

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_______ is a measure of the strength of a research design by the degree that the same or similar results will be observed if the experiment is conducted again at a different time.

A. Validity
B. Consistency
C. Standard deviation
D. Reliability
E. Conformity

D. Reliability

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Although not supported by experimental evidence, _______________ are types of “alternative” medicines that people use as a treatment for physical and psychological ailments. It is a pseudoscience that only temporarily reduces symptoms because of the placebo effect:

A. Pseudophils
B. Homocillin
C. Prazopathy
D. Zenophils
E. Homeopathy

E. Homeopathy

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The ability to infer a cause-and-effect relationship is associated only with the:

A. Correlational research method.
B. Case history research method.
C. Experimental research method.
D. Empirical research method.
E. Tit-for-tat method.

C. Experimental research method.

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The experimental procedure in which both the experimenter and subject are unaware of who is in the experimental and who is in the control group is referred to as the:

A. Placebo control procedure.
B. Stereotaxic procedure.
C. Single-blind procedure.
D. Double-blind procedure.
E. Meta-analysis procedure.

D. Double-blind procedure.

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Researchers have found that taller people tend to have higher levels of self-esteem than shorter people. This pattern of data reflects:

A. An inferential statistic.
B. A positive correlation.
C. Measures of central tendency.
D. Measures of variability.
E. A stereotype

B. A positive correlation.

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If you created a scatterplot of your data, what type of statistic would you have computed?: A. Correlation B. Range C. Median D. Inferential E. Differential

A. Correlation

How is a meta-analysis different from other types of studies?: A. Replication is important for meta-analyses, but not for separate studies. B. Meta-analyses cannot detect significant differences, but separate studies can. C. A meta-analysis combines many studies into one analysis. D. A meta-analysis does not use effect sizes, but separate studies do. E. It’s relatively easier.

C. A meta-analysis combines many studies into one analysis.

In what way are a scatterplot and a correlation coefficient similar? A. Both provide numerical descriptions for an association between two variables. B. Both represent the association between two variables. C. Both provide pictures of an association between two variables. D. Both describe all associations between two variables as positive. E. Both describe all associations between two variables as negative.

B. Both represent the association between two variables.

Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the strongest relationship between the two variables being measured is: A. +0.65. B. -0.89. C. 0.00. D. +3.45 E. -0.46

B. -0.89.

As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are: A. Negatively correlated B. Uncorrelated C. Positively correlated D. Dependent variables E. Independent variables

A. Negatively correlated

If A and B are highly correlated, which statement MOST accurately describes the relationship between A and B? A. The score on A causes the score on B B. The score on B causes the score on A C. Both A and B are caused by a third variable D. The score on A can be used to predict the score on B E. None of the above.

D. The score on A can be used to predict the score on B

If the correlation coefficient between amount of exposure to television violence and aggressive behavior was found to be +0.43, we could conclude that: A. Watching television violence tends to cause aggressive behavior. B. Being an aggressive person tends to cause one to watch more violent television. C. People who watch the most television tend to be the least aggressive. D. There is a positive relationship between these two variables. E. Television is bad for children

D. There is a positive relationship between these two variables.

A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running performance of rats. One group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of the study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment, the rats' maze-running performance is the: A. Correlated variable B. Control variable C. Dependent variable D. Independent variable E. Unpredictable

C. Dependent variable

Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common that: A. They do not manipulate the variables under study B. They can show casual relationships C. They do not directly observe D. The results obtained cannot be analyzed statistically E. They are less important than experiments

A. They do not manipulate the variables under study

In scientific investigations a researcher must clearly define the variables under study by precisely describing how they will be measured or controlled. These definitions are referred to as: A. Objective Definition B. Precise Definition C. Metric Definition D. Dictionary Definition E. Operational Definition

E. Operational Definition

Paloma randomly assigns participants to 2 groups. She wants to compare a group that receives a treatment with a group that receives no treatment. The group that gets no treatment is the ______ group. A. Variable B. Confounded C. Experimental D. Control E. Double-blind

D. Control

Which of the following is an example of a phenotype? A. a dominant and recessive allele combination B. a specific segment of a chromosome C. the influence of experience on the expression of genes D. a segment of a person’s DNA that is different from most people E. the ability to roll one’s tongue

E. the ability to roll one’s tongue

In the textbook, which of the following was given as an example of epigenetics in animals? A. baby capuchin monkeys being raised apart from their mother B. Siamese fighting fish placed together in a small fish tank C. a mother mouse licking her pups D. the brood parasite cowbird first coming out of its shell E. All of the above are true

C. a mother mouse licking her pups

Which of the following is NOT true about Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection? A. Organisms show variation within their population. B. The “selection” of the organisms that survive and reproduce is a random process. C. There is a tendency for all organisms to produce more offspring than their environment can sustain. D. Modification and, ultimately, adaptation of organisms happen from generation to generation, not within an organism’s lifetime. E. All of the above are true

B. The “selection” of the organisms that survive and reproduce is a random process.

In the textbook, the example of the large bright feathers of the male peacock was used to illustrate that: A. natural selection is about the health of the population of the same species of organisms. B. females are the sex that does the selecting when it comes to breeding and passing on genes. C. there can be tremendous differences in the coloration of birds’ feathers, with some having extremely bright feathers like the peacock and others having dull gray feathers like the blue heron. However, both species can survive and thrive. D. natural selection is about the survival and breeding of the individual and not what’s necessarily best for the population. E. some animals can change their appearance dramatically within their own lifetime.

D. natural selection is about the survival and breeding of the individual and not what’s necessarily best for the population.

The social brain hypothesis is a hypothesis about which of the following? A. the evolution of social behavior between humans B. the rapid increase in the brain of humans during our evolution C. a comparison of the limbic system in social versus nonsocial animals D. the fact that humans are social animals also leads to discrimination towards those considered outside our social group E. the idea that social animals like humans, dolphins, and meerkats evolved larger areas of the brain responsible for complex communication

B. the rapid increase in the brain of humans during our evolution

The subdiscipline of psychology interested in looking at how behaviors and psychological processes may have been shaped by natural selection is called: A. Darwinian psychology B. natural selection psychology C. adaptation psychology D. eugenics psychology E. evolutionary psychology

E. evolutionary psychology

The greater the polygyny found in a species of animals, the greater the: A. migration distance. B. number of offspring produced by females. C. chances of fewer offspring produced by females. D. chances of the male and female looking alike. E. sexual dimorphism

E. sexual dimorphism

In your textbook, which animal was given as an example of reciprocal altruism? A. cleaner fish that swim under sharks B. clown fish that live in a sea anemone C. red ground squirrels D. vampire bats E. dolphins

D. vampire bats

The sweaty T-shirt experiment demonstrated which of the following? A. Humans are attracted to people who have a different immune system than themselves. B. Smell plays a significant role in human attraction. C. Sexual attraction is diminished by smelling the sweat of other people. D. There is sexual dimorphism even in body odor. E. All of the above are correct

E. All of the above are correct

A ________ is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. A. chromosome B. trait C. gene D. amino acid E. phenotype

C. gene

How old is our species: A) Modern-day Homo sapiens are around 300,000 to 400,000 years old. B) Modern-day Homo sapiens have existed for no more than 200,000 but no less than 100,000 years. C) Modern-day Homo sapiens first appeared approximately 50,000 years ago. D) Modern-day Homo sapiens have been around for over 500,000 years.

No more than 200 thousand but no less than 100 thousand

In you textbook, which of the following was given as an example of genetically modified animal? A. Fish that glow in the dark B. Cows that produce extra vitamin B in their milk C. Pigs that produce lean mean D. Pigs that remain very small, called "Micropigs" E. Goats that produce spiderweb proteins in their milk

A. Fish that glow in the dark

Which of the following is NOT how Charles Darwin saw the theory of natural selection, fitness, adaptation, and evolution? A. Survival of a species is about variation- it gives nature a variety of traits from which to choose B. As the world and the environment change, it puts different pressures on species that modify across generations to adapt to these changes C. Evolution is about constantly moving towards an idealistic version of a species. It's about making the population of an organism better D. There are not only commonalities of physical structures like arm bones but also mental and behavioral similarities across species E. All of the above are true

C. Evolution is about constantly moving towards an idealistic version of a species. It's about making the population of an organism better

Which of the following is an example of the mismatch theory? A. There is a significant difference between the cerebral cortex of humans and our closest relatives, the chimpanzee and bonobo B. Some people have nucleotide difference at one spot in their DNA compared to most people. C. Our strong cravings for sugars and salts helped out ancient ancestors survive, but these same cravings contribute to obesity D. The ratio of the size of the human cortex to the size of the amygdala is considerably larger than any other animal E. There is a mismatch between the breeding success of a male peacock and the overall health of population of peacocks

C. Our strong cravings for sugars and salts helped out ancient ancestors survive, but these same cravings contribute to obesity

Male birds often looks very different than female birds. This difference is because one sex is attracted to different physical features than the other sex. This is known as _____ A. Sexual bifurcation B. Sexual selection C. Species-Species selection D. Male dimorphism E. Preference enhancement

B. Sexual selection

The study of how experiences and behavior influence the expression of genes is called: A. Eugenics B. Epigenetics C. Monogenics D. Phenetics E. Polygenetics

B. Epigenetics

Which area of the hypothalamus plays a significant role in setting our circadian rhythms? A. the preoptic areas nucleus B. the ventromedial nucleus C. the suprachiasmatic nucleus D. the lateral nucleus E. the arcuate nucleus

C. the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which brainwave is most associated with the deepest level of sleep? A. beta B. gamma C. delta D. alpha E. theta

C. delta

The activation-synthesis hypothesis is a hypothesis about: A. dreaming B. consciousness C. circadian rhythms D. chronotypes E. stages of sleep

A. dreaming

Which of the following was not given as an example of sleep hygiene? A. keep a sleep routine—go to bed and wake up at roughly the same time B. sleep in clean sheets and bedding—wash sheets and bedding often C. sleep in a room that is dark, quiet, and cool D. allow natural light into your bedroom in the morning E. avoid alcohol before going to sleep

B. sleep in clean sheets and bedding—wash sheets and bedding often

Which of the following recreational drugs can interfere with REM sleep? A. alcohol B. opioids like heroin or oxycodone C. cannabis D. cocaine E. All of the above are true.

E. All of the above are true.

Addictive drugs increase _________ in the nucleus accumbens. A. serotonin B. norepinephrine C. dopamine D. glutamate E. GABA

C. dopamine

Psychological tolerance can be best understood by the mechanisms of: A. theories of personality B. theories of substance use disorder C. theories of classical conditioning D. theories of consciousness E. theories of synaptic modification, reduction of receptors and production of endogenous opiates

C. theories of classical conditioning

Hallucinogenic drugs increase the simultaneous activity of ___________ systems. A. dopamine B. serotonin C. epinephrine D. endogenous opiate E. oxytocin

B. serotonin

The Turing test is used for which purpose? A. measure of sleep B. a measure of substance use disorder C. a measure of the affinity of opioids to bind to endogenous opiate receptors D. a measure of different levels of consciousness for people with traumatic brain injury E. a measure of artificial intelligence

E. a measure of artificial intelligence

Which of the following is NOT a sleep disorder? A. insomnia B. sleep apnea C. sleep paralysis D. sleep paranoia E. None of the above are true.

D. sleep paranoia

Why are humans typically able to remain in the bed during sleep? A. Your brain signals the body to become paralyzed during the night so you do not move B. The brain is still processing information about its surroundings C. You are consciously aware of the beds boundaries D. Most people fall, they just don't report it E. We actually fall but don't remember since the hippocampus is off

B. The brain is still processing information about its surroundings

Rem sleep is paradoxical because: A. The brain is active but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed B. Skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive C. The brain is less active than during other stages D, Dreams occur more often in REM E. Rem is too complicated and random to describe

A. The brain is active but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed

Which function of the brain is NOT affected by opioids A. Pain B. Breathing C. Stress D. Reward E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Alcohol is a ____ agonist A. Serotonin B. Glutamate C. Melatonin D. GABA E. Norepinephrine

D. GABA

Your friend is taking an over-the-counter