exam Flashcards
development of sports preindustrial times/recreations
factors leading to the development of modern day sport is ubanisation and the industrial revolution.
befroe the industrial revolution society was largely a feudal system which descirbed society as 2 classes. the upper class were the gentry and the lower class were the peasants.
during this time life was extremely harsh, pay was irregular and society was violent and less civilised. There was also widespread illiteracy rates as well due to the limitted education.
mob games were brought it and were played by the working class typically all males as they were seen as violent. some examples of mob games involved haxley hood whcih aimed to push a hood from 1 point to the other.
mob games were descirbed through the phrase PLUCI CROW
- peasants
- local
- unstructured
- cruel
- inexpensive
- courtly
- rural
- occasional
- wagering
localised reflects society back then as there was a lack of transport so it was centred around the village
unwritten rules represent the high rates of illiteracy as no one went to schools so there was a presence of a lack of understanding
cruel reflects the harsh living conditions
inexpensive shows equipment couldn’t be afforded and societies position
occasional-playing games were very rare as there was a lack of time due to working, it only got played on holy days.
the holy days was a time to be able to play games and was seen as a chance to let off steam and a chance for the community to get together. the church was seen as a patronage and the central meeting place for the community.
the differences between the 2 classes of the feudal systems was so unequal in the development of sports.
for example the lower classes had no resources, limitted rules due to the high illiteracy rates leading to the creation of mob games which were cruel, force based, local, played by the lower class, was played in a natural facility and there were unwritten rules.
and the upper classes could play sports at any time, it didn’t need to be local as transport was available, there was rules due to the high literacy rates meaning it was more calm leading to the creation of real tennis which was a courtly game, it was expensive, played on purpose built facilities in non local areas as travelling was able , it was played regularly and was structured and had complex rules meaning violence wasn’t ever present.
industrial revolution impacts
the industrial revolution is the period of time in britain from the late 1700’s to the early 1900’s.
in the industrial revolution sports became more modern and urbanisation occurred which was the movement from rural areas to towns. Schools had started to make an appearance so literacy rates had increased. transport increased as steam engines were introduced meaning many people could move from country to country to watch games.
impacts-
1. rise in national leagues and international fixtures
2. specific playing areas grounds/stadiums emerged
3. rise in spectatorism and gate money
4. sport became more commercialised
5. sport became more organised
6. increased media exposure
7. working class have greater aspirations and are happier increasing productivity.
how did industrial sport lead to rationalisation
rationalisation was where multiple games were combined to make 1 activity with a set of rules (melting pot).
As urbanisation happened which was the large scale movement of many lower class people from rural villages to factory towns the 10 hour work act got brought in to place as the industrial revolution saw the poor working conditions of the factories rising enabling for workers to have more free time. however due to urbanisation there was a lack of space to play games causing a decrease in mob games. moreover this then meant spectatorism could take place which involved the building of stadiums where activities and games were emerged.
furthermore the broken time payment also got introduced building factory teams, where factory owners paid workers to play sports when they weren’t working. this made the working class individuals a lot happier, the working conditions improved, there was an increased amount of productivity leading to better relationships being formed.
codification refers to the writing and the recording of a common accepted set of rules. sports were rationalised which meant the production of more fixtures and leagues meaning more NGB’s needed to be present.
education- the role of the public schools, oxbridges melting pot, thomas arnold and the clarendon commision.
stage 1 (schools)
stage 1- boy culture
this was where schools brought together boys (the sons of the gentry) from different areas and schools became a melting pot for different games. games were adapted to standardised games to be unique. they were also adapted to facilities and architecture. the boys had a lot of free time and would play games due to the lack of teacher involvement, overall being very chaotic.
gentry hooligans- violence was very common reflecting the hooligan cultures (fagging)
due to the limitted supervision a lot of drinking and gambling surrounded sports and bullying was a norm.
stage 2 (schools)
stage 2- enlighted headmasters
there was an arnoldian influence due to the work of thomas arnold who was the headmaster of rugby school from 1828-1842. He wanted to change the morals of the students and improve their behaviours so a reform was set up to promote this and to also promote the code of ethics and build upon moral and educational values. sport was used as a social control where games began to be more formal with written rules, bullying was reduced and christian values were promoted. this lead to friendly relationships being formed and older boys were looked up at as role models by the younger boys.
stage 3 (schools)
stage 3- athleticism
sport was more organised and boys from public schools attended Oxbridge and Cambridge UNIS and took their games with them and the melting pot was still used. A set of rules emerged and rational sport started to develop. As students graduated they took their sports with them like into industries like the church. Teachers got a lot more enthusiastic and got involved in teaching young pupils. Headmasters supported sport making games compulsory which changed the patterns of the school day, it became a obsession.
it involved the idea of the clarendon report which was a report which reviewed education in public schools. it was values the government stated sports brought stating other schools needed to develop these qualities e.g. loyalty, teamwork, leadership.
changes due to urbanisation
reduction of available recreational space meant that-
1. team numbers needed to be reduced
2. there was pollution issues due to cities growing and urban areas expanding as there was an increase in industrial activites, transportation and energy consumption which can lead to higher levels of air, water and soil pollution.
factories and communities lead too
1. development of competition
2. building of stadiums
3. emergence of factory teams representing communities
changes to society resulted in
1. reduction in working hours due to the 10 hour work act and the broken time payment
2. introduction of laws
loss of agriculture meant that
1. decrease in traditional games
2. farming year became less important and festival days were less significant
labour migration advantages and disadvantages
this refers to the growing of internationalisation of sports people meaning crossing national borders is occuring for the purpose of sport. e.g. coaches, athletes, this movement can be used to represent teams such as harry kane bayern munich.
advantages
1. foreign coaches have new ideas, tactics, strategies and techniques and as home grown players they gain a valuable experience from foreign players.
2. it increases an audience meaning media coverage is becoming global which can therefore increase revenue for the clubs and the business.
3. increase in pay/higher wages which therefore can generate you more opportunities
5. opportunity for woman and positive stereotyping changes the views on other nationalities.
disadvantages
1. presence of plastic brit which is where someone represents a country they aren’t originally from therefore the opportunity for homegrown talent decreases
2. foreign players take the position from home grown players decreasing a valuable experience
3. smaller nations suffer from reduced talent due to the bigger nations attracting players.
National governing bodies what are they, there roles pros and cons
It is an organisation that governs and administers a sport. some examples involve athletics- english athletics and football- fa. they are responsible for everything to do with sport.
roles
1. to oversee the general admission of sport
2. train officials/coaches
3. prepare national teams
4. promote equality
5. build centres
6. offer opinions and advice
7. combat the use of substances
.
pros-
1. NGB have been able to evolve in the light of societal changes
2. increased the national importance of sporting success therefore there’s been a rise of sport and status.
cons-
1. it’s very archaic (old fashioned)
2. there’s corruption of drugs that needs to be dealt with
corporations
there’s a geographical based team and a corporation based team. geographical are named after the location but the corporation based teams are named after the company privately funded.
athletes and teams are influenced by corporations by
1. teams are named after them
2. athletes get paid more by them
3. companies dictate what the athlete wears
for example some teams are owned by corporations such as red bull and F1 but some teams are named as a corporation team itself.
tv corporations dictate the day and time or even dictate when there’s commerical brakes e.g. sky introduce kick off times.
athletes kits are plastered with different sponsor names
advantages of corporations-
1. performers can switch or move from teams to teams.
2. there’s potential for performers to earn a large award
3. large source of income
4. supporters follow the team whenever they compete
disadvantages
1. they may have a negative image
2. fans lack the passion seen when supporting a team
3. loss of motivation to play for a team if they get more money from sponsors
4. restrictions on what you wear, the equipment you use, what you eat and drink.
barriers to participation
although society has become far more developed there are many factors that affect the chance or opportunity to take part or participate in sports.
one of the first barriers that limit participation is ethnicity, this is the belonging to a group that has a common national or cultural tradition.
throughout sport there is a lack of role models of different ethnicities meaning self esteem and confidence levels are lacked which don’t inspire an individual. Furthermore ethnic minority groups might fear rascism and discrimination will take place making them feel isolated and not wanted in that environment this is clear as Asian, Chinese and black ethnicities take part in less physical activities than the white british.
Solutions to overcome this barrier could be training more ethnic minority coaches making them feel more involved by setting up more clubs and competitions. furthermore highlighting of the ethnic role models through the media educating on the idea of stereotyping and discrimination, punishing and the organising of campaigns are all solutions in preventing this barrier to escalate.
-another barrier is disability which is a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, senses or activities
-within this barrier there is a lot impacting the participation of sports due to there being less access to clubs/coaches and limited facilities.
- the cost is a lot higher as most equipment have to be adapted such as specialised wheelchairs limiting an individual to take part.
-Moreover there is also a lack of role models leading to an individual feeling less confident and motivated.
-although, disabilities are becoming a lot more common meaning there’s more social acceptance.
-This is shown throughout Paralympic sports performers being equal to able bodied.
-There is also an increase in the amounts of provision improving where facilities are available however there are still a lack of coaches.
- there are further opportunities bringing Invictus and Paralympic games in giving every individual a chance to take part and compete in physical sporting even though the credibility isn’t the same.
-The media has improved increasing the amount of role models, however they’ll always be that gap between them and the able bodied.
Another barrier of participation of sports is gender. This is clear as there is a lack of professional opportunities for woman which therefore makes them feel unworthy and pointless to partcipate meaning they are behind men. Studies present there being 700,000 more inactive females and that only 60% of females meet the recommended exercise standards. Furthermore the amount of partcipation from woman could be highely affected by image issues and appearance as they have a lot of care about how there getting presented compared to men. However the amount of provisions are rising for woman due to the incorporation of woman only sessions and orientated classes such as pilates allowing them to feel evenmore comfortable. (this girl can campaign). opportunities are steadily rising as there has been an increased amount of female role models and female presenters in the media which represents society in the leveling of gender roles allowing females to feel more capable. But there will always remain a gap
olympics
Ancient olympic games started in olympia in 776BC and for the first 13 games there was only 1 event. in 1896 modern day olympics kicked off in athens and it happened every 4 years as of the greece calender.
Greek events and the romans banned it so Baron Pierre De Coubertin set up the olympics and visited arnolds schools and influenced the olympics.
wenlock games were introduced by Dr brookes as the town wasn’t seen to be very healthy so he wanted to make them fitter as he believed in muscular christianity which was that a healthier body made a healthier mind.
key events
olympic games were being used as motives rather than than sport- shop window effect
mexico 1968- this was the idea of black power where smith/carlos highlighted the plight of ethnic minorities and the social situation in the USA but had an impact on world wide rascial discrimination throughout sport. for example in 1984 there was more social acceptance of black athletes in society.
munich 1972- this was the idea of terrorism where there was athlete security and politics influencing sport for political causes. there was an impact on the 1984 games for security provisions keeping the olympic sport free from political involvement but polical boycotts were common in the 1970s-80s.
montreal 1976- this was the idea of a commercial disaster which highlighted the neeed for commerical involvmeent to finance the future games, e.g. the 1984 ueberroth model for funding. the montreal games are remembered as the games that put the city in dept.
summarise the ideals-
olympic ideals are seen as a philosophy of life
1. free from the use of drugs
2. prmotion of olympism
3. respect for all
4. equality of opportunity
5. excellence
6. friendship
access the current stnading of the ideals
excellence (olympism)-
there’s friendship, courage, excellence, inspiration, respect and determination and want to build a peaceful world e.g. 2 olympians shared a gold medal.
but ideals get lost in the commercial circus and not free from drug abuse e.g. drug taking had increased from sydney in 2000 from taking more tests.
greater equality and opportunities for disabilities and woman- more paralympians are given opportunities, 164 countries compete in it.
but there’s still a huge differenece and the woman have a battle of representation due to it always being more male dominated, richer countries continue to dominate.
free from the influence of drugs- more awareness has been rose.
but use still exists and a lot of cheating and declining is done.
What is a national governing body
They are responsible for everything to do with sports e.g. football (FA), athletics (ENGLISH ATHLETICS)
What is the role in the Industrial Revolution in emergence of NGB why did they appear
Transport- the railway network allowed travelling across a wider geographical area meaning the structure is more formal allowing other towns to travel to the games.
Education- increased literacy rates so wider population will understand a set of written rules
Urbanisation- decrease in available space led to a need of set dimensions for areas to play
Law and order- government legislations reduced violence and looked at the safety
Oxbridge melting pot- students who were ex public school boys brought public school games together with a different set of rules
Factory teams- the growth of them and free time lead to common competitions and regulations
What is the national governing body roles
- oversee the general admission of sport
- train officials and coaches
- prepare national teams
- promote equality
- build centres
- offer opinions and advice
- combat the use of substances
