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Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Imperialism

A
  1. The policy or act of extending a country’s power into other territories or gaining control over another country’s politics or economics
  2. (historically) Rule by an emperor
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2
Q

Nationalism

A
  1. Loyalty and devotion to a nation.
  2. Such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests
  3. The belief that your own country is better than all others
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3
Q

Militarism

A
  • The belief or desire that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively
  • Predominance of the military class or its ideals
  • Places where armed government forces have a strong presence are usually under militarism
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4
Q

Conscription

A
  • By 1916, Canadians had disvorered how many people were dying on the front lines and many of them had landed high paying jobs in the war industries, so no one wanted to enlist in the army anymore. The government implemented conscription
  • Wilfrid Laurier didn’t support conscription, and people in Quebec didn’t either because they didn’t want to fight for a country that wasn’t theirs
  • Conscription divided the country, but by the end of the war, only 24 000 of those who fought overseas were conscripts.
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5
Q

Battle of Vimy Ridge

A
  • The Canadian Corps was ordered to seize Vimy Ridge in April 1917. The seven-kilometre ridge held a commanding view over the Allied lines.
  • The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army, against three divisions of the German 6th Army.
  • For the first time, Canada’s four divisions were assembled to fight as a single unit under a Canadian commander, Major-General Arthur Currie. The planning and preparations for the battle were extensive.
  • Used creeping barrages.
  • April 9-12, 1917, near the end of the war.
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6
Q

Canada’s Hundred Days

A
  • The final 100 days of WWI from 8 August to 11 November 1918
  • On August 8th, the Canadians attacked. By the end of the day, they had pushed the Germans back 13 km.
  • As at Vimy and Passchendaele, Currie and Canadian officers carefully planned their strategy for crossing this heavily defended landmark.
  • By October 11, the Canadians had advanced 37 kilometres. Late on November 10th, Canadians moved into the Belgian town of Mons (won).
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7
Q

No Man’s Land

A
  • The area between the Allied and German land
  • Narrow, muddy, treeless stretch of land, characterized by numerous shell holes
  • Being in No Man’s Land was considered very dangerous since it offered little or no protection for soldiers.
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8
Q

Convoys

A
  • A group of merchantmen or troopships traveling together with a naval escort
  • Revived during WWI
  • The convoy system defeated the German submarine campaign
  • To cover trade with the neutral Netherlands, the British instituted their first regular convoy on a route targeted by the German U-boats.
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9
Q

League of Nations

A
  • The League of Nations was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
  • It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.
  • Economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation in Germany ended the League of Nations when WWII began.
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10
Q

Sir Robert Borden

A
  • Canada’s Prime Minister from 1911-1920
  • Best known for his leadership of Canada during World War I and helping Canada take important steps to independence from Britain
  • Imposed the Wartime Elections Act
  • He insisted that Canada have an independent delegation at the Paris Peace Conference and he participated in the establishment of the League of Nations
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11
Q

War Measures Act

A
  • The War Measures Act was a federal law. It was passed by Parliament on 22 August 1914.
  • This act gave the goverment power to pass laws without the approval of Parliament while Canada was at war (and gave the federal government the power to suspend all rights)
  • It could also overrule provincial laws, censor the news media, tell manufacturers and farmers what they must produce, imprison people without trial, and label some people enemies of Canada
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12
Q

Enemy Aliens (WW1)

A
  • The government used the War Measures Act to label people enemy aliens because people thought that immigrants of German or Austrian-Hungarian descent were spies
  • These people had to carry I.D, report regularly to authorities, read and speak in English and French, and only leave the country with permission.
  • 8500 people were interned and forced to do manual labor.
  • The town of Berlin, Ontario, renamed itself Kitchener, after Britain’s war minister, who had died when his ship hit a German mine.
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13
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A
  • The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919.
  • It ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers
  • Required the new German Government to surrender approximately 10 percent of its prewar territory in Europe and all of its overseas possessions.
  • Canada signed the Treaty independently, but the signature was indented under “British Empire”.
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14
Q

Winnipeg General Strike

A
  • Due to inflation, housing and food were hard to afford. Among the hardest hit in Winnipeg were working-class immigrants.
  • For six weeks, May 15 to June 26, more than 30,000 strikers brought economic activity to a standstill in Winnipeg
  • The strike resulted in arrests, injuries and the deaths of two protestors. It did not immediately succeed in empowering workers and improving job conditions.
  • Some strikers formed what is now the NDP
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15
Q

Komagata Maru

A
  • A boat carrying 376 British Indian passengers whose entrance to Canada was denied
  • May 23, 1914
  • Most were denied entry and forced to return. There, the Indian Imperial Police attempted to arrest the group leaders.
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16
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A
  • The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 (Chinese Exclusion Act) was the culmination of anti-Chinese racism and policies, including the head taxes which it replaced
  • All Chinese persons living in Canada, even those born here, had to register with the government or risk fines, detainment, or deportation
  • Virtually restricted all Chinese immigration to Canada by narrowly defining the acceptable categories of Chinese immigrants
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17
Q

Richard B. Bennett

A
  • Richard Bedford Bennett was the prime minister of Canada from 1930 to 1935
  • Highly criticized response to the Great Depression
  • He also created the Bank of Canada, the Canadian Wheat Board and CBC
  • He did a lot to help Canadians during the Great Depression
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18
Q

W. L. Mackenzie King

A
  • Was a Canadian politician who was the prime minister of Canada (1921 to 1926, 1926 to 1930, and 1935 to 1948)
  • He steered Canada through industrialization, much of the Great Depression, and the Second World War
  • By the time he left office, Canada had achieved greater independence from Britain and a stronger international voice
19
Q

Indian Act (1876)

A
  • The Indian Act intended to terminate the cultural, social, economic, and political distinctiveness of Aboriginal peoples by absorbing them into mainstream Canadian life and values
  • It defined who was qualified as an Indigenous person and who qualified for the benefits, but it took away their rights to vote.
  • Allowed federal government to administer Indian status, local First Nations governments and the management of reserve land and communal monies.
20
Q

Treaties

A
  • Agreements made between the Government of Canada, Indigenous groups and often provinces and territories
  • Define ongoing rights and obligations on all sides.
21
Q

Truth and Reconciliation

A
  • The process entails uncovering the truth, identifying the culprits, analyzing the extent of abuses, and fostering new methods of healing and reconciliation.
  • Recongnizes how wrong we were and aims to reconcile
  • In June 2021, the Government of Canada passed Bill C-5 to make September 30 a federal statutory day
22
Q

Persons case/Famous Five

A
  • Established the right of women to serve in the Senate. The case was started by the Famous Five, and women were legally recognized as “persons.”
  • Nellie McClung, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Irene Parlby, Louise McKinney and Emily Murphy
  • On 18 October 1929, the Privy Council reversed the decision of the Supreme Court. It concluded that “the word ‘persons’ in sec. 24 does include women.” It also found that women are eligible to become members of the Senate.
23
Q

The Great Depression/Stock market crash

A
  • The stock market crash of 1929, the collapse of world trade, government policies, bank failures and panics, and the collapse of the money supply
  • The stock market crashed because companies produced too many goods and the prices of the goods went down. There was little demand and too much supply.
  • Soon after the crash many businesses went bankrupt, and tens of thousands of Canadians lost their jobs. This made the economy worse.
24
Q

On-To-Ottawa Trek

A
  • A mass protest movement in Canada in 1935 sparked by unrest among unemployed single men in federal relief camps principally in Western Canada
  • It was conducted by riding traincars eastward and people were killed and arrested for the trek to end
  • The relief for the Great Depression was given to single unemployed men who were used to construct roads and other public works at a rate of twenty cents per day. The men in the relief camps were living in poor conditions with very low wages
25
Q

Relief Camps

A
  • During the Great Depression, the federal government sanctioned the creation of a system of unemployment relief camps, where in exchange for room-and-board, single men did physically demanding labour
  • The government was criticized for establishing the camps rather than addressing the need for reasonable work and wages
  • The camps were located in remote areas such as northern Ontario and interior B.C. The men cleared bush, built roads, planted trees and erected public buildings in return for room, board, medical care and 20 cents a day.
26
Q

The Social Credit Party

A
  • The Social Credit Party of Canada (lead by William Aberheart) was a political party that believed the depression would end if people had more money to spend
  • He wanted to give every Albertan $25 a month- a “social credit”
  • The party governed Alberta for many years, but gradually dissappeared
27
Q

Union Nationale

A
  • Brought together rebellious Liberals and Conservatives
  • Focused on Francophone issues
  • Attracted voters because they promised higher minimum wages and a provincially owned hydroelectric system
28
Q

The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation

A
  • Wanted to dismantle the free enterprise economic system (which they thought had caused the depression)
  • Wanted to introduce socialism (an economic system based on the government’s control of the economy so that everyone could benefit)
  • Basically wanted to eliminate the domination of one class by another
29
Q

Totalitarianism

A
  • A system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state
  • Prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society
  • North Korea and Jewish Holocaust
30
Q

The United Nations

A
  • A diplomatic and political international organization
  • Wants to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
  • Formed after WWII after the League of Nations didn’t work
31
Q

Dieppe Raid

A
  • An unsuccessful Allied amphibious attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe in northern France
  • One of the four ships unexpectedly encountered a small German convoy. There was a sharp, violent, sea fight, and that noise alerted the German coastal defences. They lost the element of surprise
  • Mostly Canadians
  • Ultimately led to the successful D-Day invasion in 1944.
32
Q

Battle of Ortona

A
  • The Battle of Ortona was fought between Germans and assaulting Canadian troops
  • Fought in an abandoned town in Italy
  • After more than a week of fighting in the ruined town that began on December 20, the German forces withdrew and Ortona was officially liberated on December 28, 1943
33
Q

Invasion of Normandy/D-Day

A
  • Brought together the land, air, and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest amphibious invasion in military history
  • Ground troops then landed across five assault beaches - Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword.
  • By the end of the day, the Allies had established a foothold along the coast and could begin their advance into France.
  • Was the beginning of the end of WWII
34
Q

Battle of Hong Kong

A
  • One of the first battles of the Pacific War in World War II
  • The first place Canadians fought a land battle in the Second World War.
  • The Canadians at Hong Kong had virtually no chance of victory, but refused to surrender until they were overrun by the enemy. Those who did not die became POWs and were treated terribly in camps.
35
Q

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

A
  • In August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombings killed hundreds of thousands of people and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict.
  • The US wanted to force a quick surrender by the Japanese to reduce the number of American lives lost.
  • The day after the attack on Nagasaki, the emperor of Japan overruled the military leaders of Japan and forced them to offer to surrender (almost) unconditionally.
36
Q

Propaganda

A
  • information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
  • Some propaganda focused on rationing, some on security, some on certain sides of the war, etc.
  • Canadian propaganda during World War II was used to increase support for the war and commitment to an Allied victory.
37
Q

St. Louis Incident

A
  • On 7 June 1939, Jewish refugees aboard the MS St. Louis were denied entry to Canada
  • The ship returned its passengers to safe harbour in four European countries. Sadly, many of its passengers later perished in the Holocaust
  • They stopped in Cuba and the US first, where they were denied, and then Canada denied them too.
38
Q

Enemy Aliens (WW2)

A
  • The government used the War Measures Act to label people enemy aliens because people thought that immigrants of German or Austrian-Hungarian descent were spies
  • These people had to carry I.D, report regularly to authorities, read and speak in English and French, and only leave the country with permission.
  • Many people were interned and forced to do manual labor.
39
Q

Cold War

A
  • An ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that developed after World War II.
  • Started in 1947, lasted to 1991, the fall of the Soviet Union.
  • Is called the Cold War because despite some close calls and conflicts, tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union never heated up into a direct war.
40
Q

Quiet Revolution

A
  • A significant period of socio-political and socio-cultural transformation in French Canada, particularly in Quebec, following the election of 1960
  • In the election, the Liberals broke the hold of the Union Nationale. The main issue of the election was indicated by the Liberal slogan, “It’s time for a change.”
  • As a new middle class battled for greater control over Québec’s economic resources, bitter and divisive attempts were made to redefine the role of francophone society in Canada.
41
Q

FLQ

A
  • A militant Quebec separatist group
  • Aimed to establish an independent and socialist Quebec through violent means
  • Considered a terrorist group by the Canadian government
42
Q

Trudeaumania

A
  • Used to describe the excitement generated by Pierre Elliott Trudeau’s entry as the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada
  • Many young people in Canada at this time, especially young women, identified with Trudeau, an energetic nonconformist who was relatively young.
  • They were dazzled by his “charm and good looks”, and a large fan base was established throughout the country
43
Q

Sixties Scoop

A
  • A period (1950 and ’60s) in which a series of policies were enacted in Canada that enabled child welfare authorities to take, or “scoop up,” Indigenous children from their families and communities
  • They would be placed in foster homes, from which they would be adopted by white families
  • Government is now apologizing
44
Q

Constitution Act (1982)

A
  • Contains the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and other provisions, including the procedure for amending the Constitution of Canada
  • Achieved full independence for Canada by allowing the country to change its Constitution without approval from Britain
  • Quebec refused to sign

History (4 decks)

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