Exam Flashcards
Root: trophy
development, nourishment
ex: hypertrophy - enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in size of its cells
ex: atrophy - wasting away or decrease in size of an organ or tissue
Root: vascul
blood vessel
ex: vasculitis - inflammation of blood vessels
ex: vasculgenesis - the process by which new blood vessels are formed during embryonic development
Root: pector
chest
ex: pectoral - related to the chest
ex: pectoralgia - pain in the chest, particularly the region of the pectoral muscles
Root: my/o
muscle
ex: myalgia - muscle pain or discomfort
ex: myogram - a graphical record of the electrical activity occurring within muscle tissue during contraction and relaxation
Root: physic
body
ex: physician - medical doctor who practices medicine, diagnosing and treating illnesses, injuries and diseases
Prefix: hyper
above normal, excessive
ex: hyperglycemia - high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood
ex: hypercalcemia - condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood
Prefix: de
without, out of, removal
ex: dehydration - condition where the body loses more fluids than it takes in, resulting in an imbalance of water and electrolytes
ex: debridement - medical procedure used to remove dead, damaged, or infected tissue from a wound or injury site
Prefix: a
without, not
ex: aseptic - condition that is free from disease-causing microorganisms or pathogens
ex: aphasia - a language disorder characterized by difficulty understanding or producing spoken or written language
Prefix: end
inside, within
ex: endoscope - medical instrument used for visual examination of the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity
ex: endometrium - inner lining of the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for potential embryo implantation
Prefix: media
middle
ex: medial: position or structure that is situated toward the midline
Suffix: algia
pain, painful condition
ex: neuralgia - sharp, stabbing or burning pain that follows the path of a nerve
ex: odontalgia - known as toothache and is pain in or around a tooth or teeth
Suffix: lysis
destruction, dissolve
ex: hemolysis - breakdown or destruction or red blood cells, leading to the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream
ex: cytolysis - destruction or lysis of cells, leading to the rupture and release of intracellular contents
Suffix: plasty
surgical repair
ex: rhinoplasty - surgical procedure to reshape or reconstruct the nose
Suffix: ion
action, condition, state
ex: infection - invasion and multiplication of harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, within the body
ex: depression - mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings or sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest…
Suffix: ary
pertaining to
ex: coronary - related to the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
ex: pulmonary - relates to the lungs and pulmonary system
Root: alveol
alveolous, air sac
ex: alveolus/alveoli - small air sac in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Root: bronch/i
bronchus
ex: bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchial tubes
Root: pnea
breathe
ex: apnea - a temporary cessation of breathing, often during sleep
ex: dyspnea - difficulty or discomfort in breathing, often associated with conditions affecting the lungs or heart
ex: tachypnea - abnomrally rapid breathing
Root: or/o
mouth
ex: oral - relating to the mouth or administered through or affecting the mouth
Root: pleur
pleura (membrane surrounding the lungs and lining of the chest)
ex: pleurisy - inflammation of the pleura
ex: pleurcentesis - medical procedure involving the removal of fluid from the pleural cavity
Prefix: hypo
below, deficiency
ex: hypoglycemia - abnormally low level of sugar in the blood, often associated with symptoms such as weakness, dizziness and sweating
ex: hypotension - abnormally low blood pressure
Prefix: per
through, throughout
ex: permeate - to spread throughout or penetrate something
ex: persevere - to persist or continue in a course of action despite difficulties or obstables
ex: permeable - allowing liquids or gasses to pass through
Prefix: epi
above, upon
ex: epidermis - outermost layer of the skin, covering the body’s surface
ex: epidemic - a widespread occurrence of a disease in a particular community or region at a particular time
Prefix: ana
away from, excessive
ex: anaphylaxis - life-threatening allergic reaction when exposed to an allergen, leading to difficulty breathing, low blood pressure and shock
Prefix: dys
bad, difficult, painful
ex: dysfunction - abnormal or impaired function of an organ
ex: dysphagia - difficulty or discomfort in swallowing
ex: dysuria - painful or difficult urination
Suffix: crit
to separate or choose
ex: hemotocrit - the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume, measured in a blood sample
Suffix: oid
resembling
ex: android - resembling a human
ex: asteroid - resembling a sta
Suffix: ole
small
ex: arteriole - a small branch of an artery that leads to capillaries
ex: bronchiole - a small branch of the bronchial tubes within the lungs
Suffix: eal
pertaining to
ex: corporeal - relating to the body or physical existence
ex: meningeal - relating to the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Suffix: tomy
surgical incision
ex: tracheotomy - surgical procedure involving an incision into the trachea to provide an airway for breathing
Root: diagnost
decision
ex: diagnosis - the identification of a disease or condition based on signs, symptoms, and diagnostic tests
Root: lapar/o
abdomen in general
ex: laparotomy - a surgical incision made into the abdominal wall to gain access to the abdominal cavity
ex: laparocentesis - a procedure involving the insertion of a needy into the abdominal cavity
Root: hallucin
imagination
ex: hallucination
Root: gastr/o
stomach
ex: gastroenteritis - inflammation of the stomach and intestines
ex: gastrectomy - surgical removal of all or part of the stomach, often performed to treat stomach cancer
Root: aliment
nourishment, food
ex: alimentation - the process of providing or receiving nourishment or food
ex: alimentary tract - digestive tract
Prefix: re
again, back, backward
ex: reassess - to assess or evaluate again
ex: recur - to occur again
Prefix: sub
below, under
ex: subconscious - below the level of consciousness, relating to thoughts, feelings not fully conscious
ex: substandard - below the usual or required standard
Prefix: com
with, together
ex: community - a group of people living in the same area
ex: compatibility - the quality of being able to exist or work together
Prefix: quadri
four
ex: quadriplegia - paralysis of all four limbs
ex: quadrennial - occurring every four years (election)
Prefix: de
without, out of, removal
ex: detoxity - remove toxins or harmful substances from the body, often through metabolic processes
Suffix: cele
cave, hernia, swelling
ex: cystocele - a herniation of the bladder into the vagina
ex: myelocele - a type of spina bifida in which the spinal cord is exposed through a defect in the vertebral column
ex: hydrocele - a fluid-filled sac around the testicle
Suffix: stomy
new opening
ex: colostomy - surgical creation of an opening in the trachea, typically through the neck
ex: urostomy - surgical creation of an opening in the urinary tract, typically diverting urine flow to the outside of the body
Suffix: ase
enzyme
ex: lactase - an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose into glucise and galactose
ex: lipase - an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into fatty accids and glycerol
Suffix: iatry
treatment, field of medicine
psychiatry - branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of medical disorders
Suffix: rrhoid
flow
ex: hemorrhoid - swollen veins in the lowest part of the rectum and anus that become inflamed and swollen
Root: bi/o
life or living organism
ex: biology - the study of living organisms
Root: uret
ureter (muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder)
ex: ureterectomy - surgical removal of a ureter, often performed in cases of severe blockage or cancer
Root: phot/o
light
ex: photoreceptor - cells in the retina that respond to light
ex: phototherapy - a medical treatment that involves exposure to light
Root: crine
secretion or separation
ex: endocrine - glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Root: surg
surgery
ex: surgical - pertaining to or involving surgery
Root: nitr/o
nitrogen or nitrogen-containing compounds
ex: nitrogenous waste - referring to waste products containing nitrogen that are excreted from the body, particularly in urine
Root: didymis
refers to the testes, which are the male repoductive glands responsible for producing sperm and hormones such as testosterone
ex: didymitis - inflammation of the testes, often caused by infection or injury
Root: cyst
sac or bladder, often containing fluid
ex: cystectomy - surgical removal of a cyst
Root: vas
vessel or duct
ex: vasectomy - surgical procedure for male sterilization
Root: acid/o
acidity or sourness
ex: acidosis - a medical condition characterized by an excessive acidity of body fluids
Prefix: in
not, without
ex: inactive - not active or functioning
ex: inability - the state of being unable to do something
Prefix: bi
two, double
ex: bilateral - pertaining to both sides
Prefix: para
beside, beyond
ex: parathyroid - pertaining to glands located near or adjacent to the thyroid gland
Prefix: anti
against, opposed to
ex: antibiotic - a substance that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms like bacteria
Prefix: supra
above, beyond
ex: supraventricular - pertaining to a region or activity occurring above the ventricles of the heart
Suffix: logy
the study of
ex: biology - the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other
Suffix: genesis
origin, formation
ex: oncogensis - the process of tumor formation or the development of cancer
Suffix: opia
vision, visual condition
ex: presbyopia - a common age-related condition in which the lens of the eye loses its flexibility, resulting in difficulty focusing on close objects
Suffix: ose
full of, pertaining to
ex: glucose - a simple sugar that serves as the primary source of energy for the body’s cells
Suffix: oma
tumor, mass
ex: melanoma - a type of skin cancer that arises from the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin
Define superior
Situated above
Also known as upper and cephalic. Opposite of inferior/lower/caudal
Define posterior
Pertaining to the back surface of the body; situated behind
Opposite to anterior. Also known as dorsal
Define dorsal
Pertaining to the back or situated behind. The same as posterior and opposite to ventral/frontal/anterior
The front surface of the body is the _____ surface
anterior/ventral
Posterior means _____ and is opposite to _____
dorsal/back and anterior/ventral/front
What is another word for frontal?
coronal plane
The frontal plane divides the body into _____ and _____ portions
frontal/coronal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into front/anterior/ventral and back/posterior/dorsal portions
The transverse plane is the same as _____
transverse or horizontal plane: a plane passing across the body parallel to the floor and perpendicular to the body’s long axis. It divides the body into an upper/superior/cephalic portion and a lower/inferior/caudal portion
