Exam 1.2

Question 1

What country can U.S. policing trace its roots back to?

Answer 1

England

Question 2

What are examples of English policing practices that the early U.S. settlers adopted?

Answer 2

• Night watch system
• Wardens and watchmen

Question 3

What is the first rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 3

The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder

Question 4

What is the second rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 4

The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions

Question 5

What is the third rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 5

Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public

Question 6

What is the fourth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 6

The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force

Question 7

What is the fifth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 7

Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to the public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law

Question 8

What is the sixth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 8

Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be insufficient

Question 9

What is the seventh rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 9

Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police are only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties that are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence

Question 10

What is the eighth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 10

Police should always direct their action strictly toward their functions and never appear to seize the powers of the judicial system

Question 11

What is the ninth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 11

The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it

Question 12

What is a Sheriff?

Answer 12

An elected official that is responsible for county law enforcement and often the county jail

Question 13

What are some characteristics of the Political Era in the evolution of U.S. policing?

Answer 13

• Lack of authority to establish mandates for actions
• Small departments operating independently within jurisdictions
• Large departments dividing themselves into precincts operating as individual branches
• Racial and ethnic disagreements
• Clashing of economic interest among groups

Question 14

What are influences of politics on law enforcement from the Political Era?

Answer 14

• Police officers hired and fired through political connections
• Partisan style of policing
• Command officers and supervisors had complete authority
• No specializations; minimal-nonexistent training
• Officers expected to “handle” problems

Question 15

What happened with police accountability during the Political Era?

Answer 15

• Politicians influenced hiring and firing of officers
• Issues were raised of how police can be responsive to citizens rather than politicians

Question 16

How did the Reform Era bring about radical reorganization of police agencies?

Answer 16

• Strong, centralized administrative bureaucracy
• Hiring and promotion of officers based on merit
• Introduction of highly specialized units
• Infusion and application of science

Question 17

Who was August Vollmer?

Answer 17

• Chief of police in Berkeley, CA (1905-1932)
• Father of modern police management systems

Question 18

What was the most challenging era in U.S. policing?

Answer 18

The Era of Social Upheaval (1960’s-1970’s)

Question 19

How were the 1960’s the most challenging era in U.S. policing?

Answer 19

• Crime rate doubled (per 100,000 persons)
• Civil Rights movement began
• Anti-war sentiments
• Urban riots
• Public fear from social disorder

Question 20

What did the Era of Social Upheaval bring about for law enforcement education?

Answer 20

Introduction of college degree programs
- To generate a professional image of police
- To create a pool of qualified applicants

Question 21

What did the Era of Social Upheaval bring about for research on police effectiveness?

Answer 21

• Studies on styles of policing
• Studies on police-community relations
• Studies on police selection and training

Question 22

How did community-oriented and problem-oriented policing rise during the Community-Policing Era?

Answer 22

• Emphasis on the importance of police-community relationships and of the maintenance of order through negotiations between the police and the public
• Community relations programs

Question 23

How did the Community-Policing Era bring about a return to Peel’s Principles of Policing?

Answer 23

• Moved from crime fighting model to community policing model
• Enhanced professionalism
• Better communication with community

Question 24

What is an example of problem-oriented policing?

Answer 24

CompStat policing

Question 25

What is technology’s role in the Community-Policing Era?

Answer 25

Maximization of the use of technology brings about advancements and downsides

Question 26

What is Community Policing?

Answer 26

Policing model based on encouraging collaboration between the police and other citizens with the purpose of improving quality of life through crime prevention, information sharing, and mutual understanding

Question 27

What is Problem-Oriented Policing?

Answer 27

Policing model based on encouraging officers to take an integrative approach, in which they work with other citizens and other agency representatives to find long-term solutions to a variety of recurrent problems

Question 28

What brought about the Homeland Security Era?

Answer 28

September 11, 2001 attacks

Question 29

What groups are a part of Homeland Security?

Answer 29

• Federal law enforcement agencies
• Police in large metropolitan areas

Question 30

What is an Act that the Homeland Security Era birthed?

Answer 30

PATRIOT Act

Question 31

How did the Homeland Security Era return to better methods of gathering intelligence?

Answer 31

Through utilizing community-oriented policing

Question 32

What is Intelligence-Led–or Intelligence-Based–Policing?

Answer 32

• Policing model that focuses on risk assessment and risk management
• Identifies risks and patterns that are associated with groups, individuals, and locations to predict when and where crime is likely to occur

Question 33

What is Terrorism-Oriented Policing?

Answer 33

Attempts to detect and prevent terrorist attacks by adding new duties to those already assumed by the police

Question 34

What is a precinct?

Answer 34

A policing jurisdiction for a district of a city or town

Question 35

What is a jurisdiction?

Answer 35

The geographic area in which an officer has the authority to act as law enforcement

Question 36

How does Intelligence-Led/Intelligence-Based Policing build on Community-Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing?

Answer 36

• Utilizes information-gathering processes that allow police agencies to better understand crime problems
• Measures resources that are available to help decide on strategies for law enforcement and crime prevention

Question 37

Where did Intelligence-Led/Intelligence-Based Policing originate?

Answer 37

Britain