Exam 1.2 Flashcards
What country can U.S. policing trace its roots back to?
England
What are examples of English policing practices that the early U.S. settlers adopted?
- Night watch system
- Wardens and watchmen
What is the first rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?
The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder
What is the second rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?
The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions
What is the third rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?
Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public
What is the fourth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?
The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force
What is the fifth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?
Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to the public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law
What is the sixth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?
Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice, and warning is found to be insufficient
What is the seventh rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?
Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police are only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties that are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence
What is the eighth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?
Police should always direct their action strictly toward their functions and never appear to seize the powers of the judicial system
What is the ninth rule of Peel’s Principles of Policing?
The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it
What is a Sheriff?
An elected official that is responsible for county law enforcement and often the county jail
What are some characteristics of the Political Era in the evolution of U.S. policing?
- Lack of authority to establish mandates for actions
- Small departments operating independently within jurisdictions
- Large departments dividing themselves into precincts operating as individual branches
- Racial and ethnic disagreements
- Clashing of economic interest among groups
What are influences of politics on law enforcement from the Political Era?
- Police officers hired and fired through political connections
- Partisan style of policing
- Command officers and supervisors had complete authority
- No specializations; minimal-nonexistent training
- Officers expected to “handle” problems
What happened with police accountability during the Political Era?
- Politicians influenced hiring and firing of officers
- Issues were raised of how police can be responsive to citizens rather than politicians
How did the Reform Era bring about radical reorganization of police agencies?
- Strong, centralized administrative bureaucracy
- Hiring and promotion of officers based on merit
- Introduction of highly specialized units
- Infusion and application of science
Who was August Vollmer?
- Chief of police in Berkeley, CA (1905-1932)
- Father of modern police management systems
What was the most challenging era in U.S. policing?
The Era of Social Upheaval (1960’s-1970’s)
How were the 1960’s the most challenging era in U.S. policing?
- Crime rate doubled (per 100,000 persons)
- Civil Rights movement began
- Anti-war sentiments
- Urban riots
- Public fear from social disorder
What did the Era of Social Upheaval bring about for law enforcement education?
Introduction of college degree programs
- To generate a professional image of police
- To create a pool of qualified applicants
What did the Era of Social Upheaval bring about for research on police effectiveness?
- Studies on styles of policing
- Studies on police-community relations
- Studies on police selection and training
How did community-oriented and problem-oriented policing rise during the Community-Policing Era?
- Emphasis on the importance of police-community relationships and of the maintenance of order through negotiations between the police and the public
- Community relations programs
How did the Community-Policing Era bring about a return to Peel’s Principles of Policing?
- Moved from crime fighting model to community policing model
- Enhanced professionalism
- Better communication with community
What is an example of problem-oriented policing?
CompStat policing
What is technology’s role in the Community-Policing Era?
Maximization of the use of technology brings about advancements and downsides
What is Community Policing?
Policing model based on encouraging collaboration between the police and other citizens with the purpose of improving quality of life through crime prevention, information sharing, and mutual understanding
What is Problem-Oriented Policing?
Policing model based on encouraging officers to take an integrative approach, in which they work with other citizens and other agency representatives to find long-term solutions to a variety of recurrent problems
What brought about the Homeland Security Era?
September 11, 2001 attacks
What groups are a part of Homeland Security?
- Federal law enforcement agencies
- Police in large metropolitan areas
What is an Act that the Homeland Security Era birthed?
PATRIOT Act
How did the Homeland Security Era return to better methods of gathering intelligence?
Through utilizing community-oriented policing
What is Intelligence-Led–or Intelligence-Based–Policing?
- Policing model that focuses on risk assessment and risk management
- Identifies risks and patterns that are associated with groups, individuals, and locations to predict when and where crime is likely to occur
What is Terrorism-Oriented Policing?
Attempts to detect and prevent terrorist attacks by adding new duties to those already assumed by the police
What is a precinct?
A policing jurisdiction for a district of a city or town
What is a jurisdiction?
The geographic area in which an officer has the authority to act as law enforcement
How does Intelligence-Led/Intelligence-Based Policing build on Community-Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing?
- Utilizes information-gathering processes that allow police agencies to better understand crime problems
- Measures resources that are available to help decide on strategies for law enforcement and crime prevention
Where did Intelligence-Led/Intelligence-Based Policing originate?
Britain
