exam

Question 1

GOAL SETTING

Answer 1

Is the process of deciding on something you want to achieve, planning the steps to follow that will help reach that goal, then working towards achieving that goal

Question 2

RELAXATION

Answer 2

An activity undertaken to reduce tension and the effects of physical and mental stress

Question 3

IMAGERY

Answer 3

The mental recreation, using as many senses as possible, of a successful past performance or skill.

Question 4

PERFORMANCE ROUTINES
.

Answer 4

A ritual a performer follows in the preparation, during or after the execution of a task

Question 5

SELF - TALK

Answer 5

Talking to / thinking to yourself positively before, during or after performance .

Question 6

Define the term ‘group cohesion’.

Answer 6

Description
Group cohesion is a term used to describe the extent to which a group cooperates together.

Question 7

Bernoulli’s Principle/Lift

Answer 7

Bernoulli’s Principle states the velocity of a fluid moving over an object is inversely proportional to the pressure on the object, i.e. when the velocity of a fluid moving over an object increases, it creates a low-pressure system

Question 8

Bernoulli’s Principle/Lift

Answer 8

Bernoulli’s Principle states the velocity of a fluid moving over an object is inversely proportional to the pressure on the object, i.e. when the velocity of a fluid moving over an object increases, it creates a low-pressure system

Question 9

Define the term ‘peaking’.

Answer 9

Peaking is the planning of training in such a way that optimal
performance is achieved at the time of competition.

Question 10

Explain the biomechanics behind how the curveball moves away from a right-handed
hitter. 8 points

Answer 10

applies an off-centre or eccentric force to the ball
 Magnus force changes the flight path of the ball due to spin while
moving through the air
 airflow around the spinning ball (boundary layer) going in the same
direction as oncoming air creates high velocity
 areas of high velocity form a low-pressure system
 airflow around the spinning ball (boundary layer) going in the opposite
direction as oncoming air creates low velocity
 areas of low velocity form a high-pressure system
 air moving from high to low-pressure causes the ball to move in the
same direction
 identifies that the movement of air creates a lift/Magnus force.

Question 11

Dendrites of sensory neurons:

Axons of motor neurons:

Neuron:

Spinal cord

Motor unit:

Answer 11

Dendrites of sensory neurons:
pass impulses/signals from the sensory receptors to the cell body of the sensory neuron/eye.

Axons of motor neurons:
transmit impulses/signals away from cell body to the muscle fibres.

Neuron:
a cell within the nervous system that transmits
nerve cells/muscle impulse/signals to other

Spinal cord:
transmit impulses/signals from the brain to parts of the body.

Motor unit:

causes contraction of the associated muscle fibres
or
to create the desired movement

Question 12

sliding filament 10 points

Answer 12

The Sliding Filament Theory

calcium is released and enters the sarcomere

myosin is stimulated to reach for actin

myosin attached to actin filaments creating a cross bridge

breakdown of ATP releases energy to stimulate cross bridges

myosin pulls on actin

sarcomere shortens as actin filaments move closer together

actin and myosin overlap causing I band and H zone to disappear

calcium leaves the sarcomere

This causes the actin to move into the centre of the sarcomere, shortening the myofibril and causing the actin and myosin filaments to be almost fully overlapped when in a fully contracted position. (1 mark)

As each sarcomere shortens, so does the total length of each muscle fibre.

Question 13

Define the ‘All or None’ principle and describe its relevance to Olivia producing maximum force in her muscles.

Answer 13

when a motor unit receives stimulation/impulses/action potential to threshold

all the muscle fibres associated with that motor unit will contract to their maximum level (all at the same time).

more/greater number of motor units are used
activating larger motor units
recruits appropriate muscle Type II.

Question 14

extended answer
nutrition before 6

Answer 14

immediately before the event – high GI foods/low fibre snack to top up blood glucose

 avoid high-fibre/fat/proteins foods prior to event

 hydrate prior to event/hyperhydration.

the increased amount of carbohydrates as it is the primary fuel source during exercise

10–12 g carbohydrates per kg of body mass to carbohydrate load effectively

low GI foods/meals to fuel high training periods, release glucose slowly into blood stream (prior to training)

Question 15

extended answer
nutrition during 5

Answer 15

high GI snacks/food during – i.e. gel, sports drinks, energy chews, easily
digested and absorbed quickly, resulting in a rapid release of glucose for
immediate energy source

fluid replacement (water) – to replenish water lost by sweating (carbohydration)

use electrolyte drinks to replace minerals/salts lost during event

avoid high fibre/fats foods because they are hard to digest and may cause
stomach upsets

consume 30–60g carbohydrate per hour to prevent muscle fatigue

Question 16

extended answer
nutrition after 4

Answer 16

high GI food/meal – aids in the recovery of the athlete as it gives an immediate source of energy. Therefore, allows the body to use the immediate source of energy to continue working and start the recovery process.

 low GI food/meal – replenishes loss of glycogen. Restocks the glycogen stores in the muscle and liver, 4–6 hours after finishing

 protein meal/snack ~20–25 g to aid in the repair of muscle tissue, 4–6 hours after finishing
 fluid replacement (water) – to replenish water lost by sweating and from the use in the aerobic energy system to rehydrate.

Question 17

Describe five physiological changes the players would have experienced when playing
in these very hot conditions.

Answer 17

Increase in core body temperature
due to competition for blood between the muscles and the skin

Increase in heart rate (cardiac drift)
due to reduced blood volume/stroke volume

Increase in sweating
• due to the body losing heat through evaporation

Vasodilation of blood vessels in skin
• due to blood being redirected to the skin to dissipate heat through
convection

Increase skin temperature
• due to of the sun, conduction and convection

Question 18

explain force-length relationship with respect t to a very flexed , middle, and very extended

Answer 18

The force length relationship refers to the amount of force a muscle can produce a very muscle length across the range of movement. The greatest amount of force can be produced when a muscle is it mid range of motion is it maximises the cross bridges able to attach between actin and myosin. If the muscles to flex or two extended not adequate enough of cost bridges can connect meaning less force.

Question 19

describe force velocity relationship
- define
-concentric - high and low velocity
-eccentrix

Answer 19

The force velocity relationship refers to the amount of force a massive temperature is with respect of the velocity of movement.
In a concentric contraction greater force can be produced a low velocity, as it allows more time for cross bridges to form between actin and mycin. At higher velocity less force is produce.

eccentric contraction the relationship is the opposite.

Question 20

dentify whether this coaching/training activity is ‘chaining’ or ‘shaping’ and provide a
reason for your answer.

Answer 20

Shaping
The players are performing the whole task but in a simplified version of the
skill.

Question 21

draw levers

Answer 21

q,2,3

Question 22

hot conditions adaptions

Answer 22

Increase plasma volume – more fluid stored in blood is,
sweat rate increase – sweat glands increase in size,
start sweating at lower temperatures – lower court temperature
, sweat is more dilate

Question 23

Describe three physiological effects she would have experienced from having this
stimulant in her system.

Answer 23

ncreased heart rate/Cardiac output
Which improves delivery of oxygen to the working muscles

ncreased metabolism
Which reduces weight

increased respiratory rate
Which improves delivery of oxygen to the working muscles

Question 24

Identify three other risks to
athletes who use stimulants.

Answer 24

increased blood pressure (hypertension)
• increase the chance of heart attack/disease/stroke •
cause damage to the liver/disease
• cause damage to the kidneys/ disease
• tremors
• insomnia
• coordination and balance problems
• memory deteriorates
• causes violent/aggressive behaviour
• dehydration

Question 25

In skeletal muscle, which is the correct order from superficial (closest to the skin) to deep?

Answer 25

epimysium, perimysium, fascicle, muscle fibre, myofibril

Question 26

Tony Popovic had the Perth Glory staff record the players during training and matches.
Outline six benefits of using video analysis.

Answer 26

The performance of a player can be compared side by side against
an exemplar.
• The coach can replay the video footage many times in case anything
was missed on the first viewing.

• Video can be zoomed in to pick up on greater detail.
• Video can be slowed down frame by frame making it easier to notice
errors.
• More than one athlete can be filmed in the one-shot making the
process more efficient.
• Players learn faster because they can be shown where they need to
improve.
• Coaches can see and correct injury prone behaviours, teaching new
techniques to correct bad habits.
• Is a form of visual feedback for the athlete.
• Easier to use an observational checklist.