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AAO > EXAM 1 - WRITTEN > Flashcards

EXAM 1 - WRITTEN Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory pathology - asthma

A

a spasm of the bronchial walls, which makes exhalation very difficult

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2
Q

joint congruency / joint surface position - open- / loose-packed / resting position

A

incongruent; parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax; further passive separation of the joint surfaces can occur in this position

  • joint mobilization techniques are best applied in the open-packed position; allow for the roll, spin, and glide
  • joint play can be demonstrated in these open-packed positions; requires relaxed muscles and the external force of a trained practitioner to correctly demonstrate it
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3
Q

skeletal system pathologies - fracture / broken / cracked bone

A

break in the continuity of the bony cortex caused by direct force, indirect force, or pathology; described by type (closed), direction of fracture line (transverse), position of the bone fragments (overriding)

  • children are incomplete (“green- stick”) or at the epiphysis
  • elderly in the hip joint (proximal femur), resulting from a fall, or in the upper extremity from falling on the outstretched hand
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4
Q

circulatory pathology - thrombophlebitis / phlebitis

A

clot causes inflammation in a vein

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5
Q

joint end feel - boggy

A

ound in acute conditions in which soft tissue edema is present; has a soft, “wet sponge” feel

  • immediately after a severely sprained ankle or with synovitis
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6
Q

PNS pathology - foot drop

A

damage to the common fibular (peroneal) nerve; compression of the common fibular nerve is often caused by cast pressure at the head of the fibula, where the nerve is quite superficial as it lies over the bony fibular head

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7
Q

simple machine types - pulley - movable

A

one end of the rope attached to a beam; the rope runs through the pulley to the other end where the force is applied; to increase the mechanical advantage of force

  • load (resistance) is suspended from the movable pulley
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8
Q

vertebral column pathology - torticollis / wryneck

A

deformity of the neck; person’s head is laterally bent to one side and rotated toward the other side

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9
Q

osteokinematics - supination

A

rotation of the forearm that faces the palm of the hand forward, or anteriorly; elbow is flexed, the “palm up” position

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10
Q

arthrokinematics

A

joint surface motion; manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during osteokinematic joint movement

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11
Q

simple machine types - pulleys

A

grooved wheel that turns on an axle with a rope or cable riding in the groove; purpose is to either change the direction of a force or to increase or decrease its magnitude

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12
Q

PNS pathology - Cubital Tunnel syndrome

A

ulnar nerve crosses the medial border of the elbow as the nerve runs through a bony passageway called the cubital tunnel; tingling in the small and ring fingers from hitting the ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel; ulnar nerve can also be compressed distally by sustained pressure on the hypothenar eminence

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13
Q

body planes / planes of action - sagittal plane

A

passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into right and left parts; vertical wall that the extremity moves along; motions occurring in this plane are flexion and extension; mid-sagittal plane would divide the body in the middle into equal right and left parts

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14
Q

articular system pathologies - tendonitis

A

inflammation of a tendon; present at either the musculotendinous junction, the tenoperiosteal junction, or within the body of the tendon

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15
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms the upright part of the body; 80 bones of the head, thorax, and trunk

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16
Q

muscle contraction - isotonic concentric

A

muscle contract, but this time there is joint motion; is joint move- ment, the muscles shorten, and the muscle attach ments (origin [O] and insertion [I]) move toward each other

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17
Q

degrees of freedom

A

number of planes, in which they can move

clinically significant:

  • dealing with one or more distal joints: shoulder has 3 degrees of freedom, the entire limb from the finger to the shoulder would have 11
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18
Q

linear / translatory motion - rectilinear motion

A

movement that occurs in a straight line

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19
Q

accessory motion - component movements

A

small arthrokinematic joint motions that accompany active osteokinematic motion; no component motions can be done independently; they must accompany osteokinematic motions for normal joint motion to occur

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20
Q

muscle fiber arrangement - oblique type - multipennate

A

many tendons with oblique fibers in between

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21
Q

osteokinematics - protraction

A

linear movement along a plane parallel to the ground and away from the posterior midline

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22
Q

muscle fiber arrangement - parallel type

A

to the muscle’s long axis; tend to be longer and thus have a greater potential for shortening and producing more range of motion

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23
Q

respiratory pathology - bronchitis

A

involves the bronchi and their many subdivisions

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24
Q

CNS pathology - defect at the neuromuscular junction - Myasthenia Gravis

A

terminal axon synapses with the receptor site of muscles

  • Symptoms: weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles
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25
Q

circulatory pathology - aneurysm

A

abnormal outward bulging or ballooning that is often caused by a weakened area in the wall; may go undetected until it ruptures

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26
Q

osteokinematics

A

joint motion; the relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis and through joint planes; at synovial joints

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27
Q

circulatory pathology - thoracic outlet syndrome

A

group of disorders involving compression of the brachial plexus and/or the subclavian artery and vein within in the spaced called the thoracic outlet; arious vascular, neurological, and muscular symptoms may result

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28
Q

joint types - fibrous joint

A

thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones:

  • synarthrosis
  • syndesmosis
  • gomphosis
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29
Q

length-tension relationship - total tension

A

combination of passive and active tension

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30
Q

muscle fiber arrangement - oblique type - bipennate

A

common feather pattern; fibers are obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon

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31
Q

skeletal system pathologies - osteoporosis

A

loss of normal bone density, or bone mass; can weaken a bone to the point where it will fracture; vertebrae of an elderly person are common sites

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32
Q

PNS pathology - Bell’s Palsy

A

facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which controls movement of facial muscles; usually temporary and typically affects only one side of the face; muscle paralysis

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33
Q

change in lever class

A

from a second-class (axis-resistance-force) to a third-class lever (axis-force-resistance)

  • brachioradialis weight of the forearm and hand being the resistance.
    1. middle of the forearm as its COG
    2. weight of the forearm
    3. hand (R) is located between the axis (elbow joint)
    4. force (distal muscle attachment),
  • if you put a weight in the hand, the COG of the resistance is now located farther from the axis than the force (muscle); now working as a third-class lever.

direction of the movement in relation to gravity is another factor that will affect lever class

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34
Q

force

A

a push or pull action that can be represented as a vector; one object must act on another; can be a push, which creates compression; a pull, which creates tension; movement occurs if one opposing force pushes (or pulls) harder than the other or when two or more forces are working together.

  • vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction
  • characteristics of force include:
    1. Magnitude (each person is pushing equally in this case)
  1. Direction (shown by the arrow)
  2. Point of application (the same for both people)
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35
Q

circulatory pathology - arteriosclerosis

A

slow blood flow, “hardening” of the arteries; a problem in the legs and feet; vessel wall becomes less elastic and cannot dilate to allow greater blood flow when needed

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36
Q

osteokinematics - pronation

A

rotation of the forearm; the palm is facing backward, or posteriorly. When the elbow is flexed “palm down”

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37
Q

irregular bones

A

have a variety of mixed shapes that do not fit into the other cate- gories; allow them to fulfill a particular function; composed of cancellous bone and marrow encased in a thin layer of compact bone

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38
Q

exercise terminology

A

.

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39
Q

arthrokinematic motion types - roll

A

rolling of one joint surface on another; ew points on each surface come into contact throughout the motion

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40
Q

osteokinematics - inversion

A

moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle

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41
Q

respiratory pathology - hyperventilation

A

during rapid breathing when more carbon dioxide is removed from the system than is being produced metabolically

  • common treatment for hyperventilation involves breathing into a paper bag to “rebreathe” carbon dioxide
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42
Q

PNS pathology - burner / stinger syndrome

A

following a stretch or compression injury to the brachial plexus from a blow to the head or shoulder

  • symptoms: immediate burning pain, prickly paresthesia radiating from the neck, numbness, and even brief paralysis of the arm
  • symptoms should resolve within minutes, although shoulder weakness and muscle tenderness of the neck may continue for a few days
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43
Q

PNS pathology - Carpal Tunnel syndrome

A

compression of the median nerve as it passes within the carpal tunnel; formed by the transverse carpal ligament superficially and the bony floor of the carpal bones deeply

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44
Q

articular system pathologies - osteoarthritis / degenerative arthritis

A

type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints; frequently with age and commonly affects the hands, feet, spine, and large weight-bearing joints, such as the hips and knees

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45
Q

osteokinematics - horizontal adduction

A

cannot occur from the anatomical position; must be preceded by either flexion or abduction, then movement forward is horizontal adduction

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46
Q

circulatory pathology - embolism

A

blood clot (or other foreign matter, such as air, fat, or tumor) that becomes dislodged and travels to another part of the body through ever smaller vessels until becoming wedged, causing an obstruction

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47
Q

osteokinematics - dorsiflexion

A

movement toward the dorsum (superior aspect) of the arm or foot; at the wrist and ankle joints

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48
Q

joint types - synovial / diarthrodial joint - biaxial joint - condyloid joint

A

occurs in two different directions; flexion and extension occur around the frontal axis, and radial and ulnar deviation occur around the sagittal axis

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49
Q

respiratory pathology - flail chest

A

four or more ribs are fractured in two places (comminuted); causes that part of the chest wall to collapse rather than expand during inspiration; chest wall will also expand during expiration

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50
Q

CNS pathology - congenital defect - spina bifida

A

posterior segments of some of the vertebrae fail to close during embryo development

  • occulta - small bony defect is present, but the spinal cord and nerves are usually normal
  • meningocele - bony defect through which the meninges protrude; little or no nerve damage
  • myelomeningocele - the meninges and spinal nerves come through the bony defect, causes nerve damage and severe disability.
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51
Q

simple machine types - lever - wheel and axle

A

wheel / crank attached to and turning together with an axle; large wheel connected to a smaller wheel and typically is used to increase the force exerted; turning around a larger wheel or handle requires less force, whereas turning around a smaller axle requires a greater force

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52
Q

length-tension relationship - active insufficiency

A

point at which a muscle cannot shorten any farther; occurs to the agonist (the muscle that is contracting/ shortening); myosin filaments are contacting the z-lines, and the sarcomere cannot get any shorter; the joint has not run out of range of motion

  • hamstrings can perform either hip extension or knee flexion but cannot shorten enough to perform both simultaneously
  • if you flex your knee while your hip is extended, you cannot complete the full knee flexion range
  • inability to complete full knee flexion happens because the hamstrings are being asked to shorten over the hip and over the knee at the same time, and the muscle does not have the capability to shorten that much
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53
Q

skeletal system pathologies - osteopenia

A

reduced bone mass, not as severe as osteoporosis

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54
Q

CNS pathology - spinal cord trauma - incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) - Brown-Séquard syndrome

A

injury to one side of the spinal cord, causing weakness and loss of proprioception on the side of the injury and loss of pain and thermal sensation on the opposite side

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55
Q

PNS pathology - Morton’s neuroma

A

enlarged nerve and usually occurs between the third and fourth toes (branches of the tibial nerve); enlargement usually involves nerve compression in a confined space; compression could be from a flattening of the metatarsal arch; transfering weight forward, putting more pressure on the metatarsal arch area; creating compression on the nerves as they pass between the metatarsals

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56
Q

joint end feel - empty

A

movement produces considerable pain and the patient stops the clinician from moving the joint beyond the painful point; clinician does not bring the joint to the end of its physiologic range of motion, there is no way to tell if a limitation may exist past the point of pain, or to determine the tissue type that would have been the cause of any potential limitation

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57
Q

articular system pathologies - subluxation

A

partial dislocation of a joint; occurs over a period of time

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58
Q

force type - resultant

A

overall effect of these two different forces lies somewhere in between

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59
Q

arthrokinematic motion types - spin

A

rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface; same point on each surface remains in contact with each other

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60
Q

length-tension relationship - length

A

determines the amount of force a muscle can generate

  • optimal length: slight stretch (but not overstretched)
    1. maximum interface between actin and myosin filaments; every myosin head is bound to an actin filament.
    2. some passive tension in the muscle.
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61
Q

respiratory pathology - hiccups

A

involuntary spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by rapid closure of the glottis which produces short, sharp, inspiratory sounds

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62
Q

bone markings - projections or processes that attach tendons, ligaments

A

.

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63
Q

respiratory pathology - rib separation

A

dislocation between the rib and its costal cartilage

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64
Q

short bones

A

equal dimensions of height, length, and width, giving them a cube shape; lots of articular surface; articulate with more than one bone; a thin layer of compact bone covering cancellous bone, which has a marrow cavity in the middle

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65
Q

joint types - synovial / diarthrodial joint - uniaxial joint - pivot joint

A

in the transverse plane around the longitudinal axis

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66
Q

force type - concurrent

A

two or more forces must act on a common point but must pull or push in different directions

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67
Q

joint congruency / joint surface position

A

how well joint surfaces match or fit; surfaces of a joint are congruent in one position and incongruent in all other positions.

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68
Q

vertebral curves

A

lordosis - cervical and lumbar - concave posteriorly

kyphosis - thoracic and sacral - convex posteriorly

  • more strength and resilience, approximately 10 times more than if it were a straight rod
  • spine is a pillar to support the body’s weight and to protect the spinal cord; curves help the spine withstand great amounts of stress by providing a more even distribution of body weight
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69
Q

length-tension relationship - tenodesis / tendon action of a muscle

A
  • rest your flexed elbow on the table in a pronated position, relax, and let your wrist drop into flexion, you will notice that your fingers have a tendency to extend passively
  • supinate your forearm and relax your wrist into extension, your fingers will have a tendency to close; if tendons were a little tight, this opening and closing would be more pronounced
  • use this principle to grasp and release light objects; supination of the forearm, the weight of the hand and gravity causes the wrist to fall into hyperextension; closes the fingers, creating a slight grasp; pronation of the forearm causes the wrist to fall into flexion, thus opening the fingers and releasing an object
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70
Q

osteokinematics - circumduction

A

motion that describes a circular, cone-shaped pattern; involves a combination of four joint motions:

(1) flexion, (2) abduction, (3) extension, and (4) adduction

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71
Q

joint end feel - soft / soft tissue approximation

A

muscle bulk is compressed, particularly evident on a person with well-developed muscles or who is extremely obese

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72
Q

muscle contraction - isokinetic

A

speed of the motion stays the same for the duration of the contraction; done only with special equipment that regulates the speed of motion; resistance to the part varies, but the speed stays the same

  • body part to be exercised is usually connected to a machine that does not produce any movement itself, but limits the speed it will allow the body part to move when a contraction is performed
  • tries to move faster than the speed limit, they will end up generating more resistance against the machine
  • does not push as fast/hard, there will be less resistance
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73
Q

PNS pathology - wrist drop

A

loss of wrist extension and a weakened ability to release objects (finger extension) will result from a high radial nerve injury, which is often a complication of a mid-humeral fracture

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74
Q

vertebral column pathology - spondylolisthesis

A

results from a fracture, or giving way, of a defective pars inter- articularis; one vertebra slips forward in relation to an adjacent vertebra, usually L5 slipping anterior on S1

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75
Q

articular system pathologies - strains

A

overstretching of muscle fibers; strains are graded depending on severity

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76
Q

vertebral column pathology - whiplash

A

type of cervical sprain in which the head and neck suddenly and forcefully hyperextends then flexes, like the cracking of a whip

  • common during a rear-end car accident; when the head and neck hyperextend, soft tissue structures (muscles, ligaments, joint capsules) on the anterior side of the neck are stretched; followed quickly by a forceful cervical flexion
  • results in the overstretching of soft tissue structures on the posterior side; severity of the injury will dictate the amount of muscle, capsular, and ligamentous pain, and possible joint instability
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77
Q

bone types

A

.

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78
Q

articular system pathologies - bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursa

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79
Q

osteokinematics - lateral / external rotation

A

rotation is movement of a bone or part around its longitudinal axis; if the anterior surface rolls outward, away from the midline

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80
Q

force type - parallel

A

same plane and in the same or opposite direction; middle force must always be located between the two parallel forces of sufficient strength to resist the other two forces; two forces must be of sufficient strength to resist the middle force

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81
Q

joint end feel - springy block

A

rebound movement is felt at the end of the ROM; occurs with internal derangement of a joint

  • torn cartilage.
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82
Q

state of equilibrium

A

object is balanced, all torques acting on it are even, depends primarily on the relationship between the object’s center of gravity and its base of support

  • gravity - mutual attraction between the earth and an object
  • center of gravity - balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal; point at which the planes of the body intersect
  • base of support - part of a body that is in contact with the supporting surface
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83
Q

vertebral column pathology - lordosis / swayback

A

abnormally increased curve from the normal anterior-posterior curvature of the lumbar spine

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84
Q

osteokinematics - horizontal abduction

A

cannot occur from the anatomical position; must be preceded by either flexion or abduction, then movement backward is horizontal abduction

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85
Q

CNS pathology - congenital defect - cerebral palsy

A

group of nonprogressive disorders of the brain that result from damage in utero, at birth, or soon after birth. It is not always congenital; signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy are variable and depend on the area of the brain that is damaged.

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86
Q

insertion

A

more movable bone; when muscle contracts, one end of the joint moves toward the other

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87
Q

osteokinematics - abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

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88
Q

simple machine types - lever - 2nd class

A

resistance is in the middle, with the axis at one end and the force at the other end; favors power because a relatively small force (the muscle) can move a large resistance (the body); the body can be raised only a fairly short distance.

  • longer the FA
    1. easier it is to move the part and the longer the RA
    2. harder it is to move the part
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89
Q

circulatory pathology - hemorrhage / bleeding

A

break in a blood vessel allows blood to leak out of the closed system

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90
Q

length-tension relationship - passive insufficiency

A

multijoint muscle cannot be lengthened any farther without damage to its fibers; occurs to the antagonist (the relaxed muscle that is on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist—the contracting muscle); stretched over both joints at the same time and have become passively insufficient; cannot be stretched any farther.

  • hamstring is long enough to be stretched over each joint individually (hip flexion or knee extension), but not both simultaneously
  • flex your hip with your knee flexed, you can complete the range, can touch the toes by flexing both the hip and the knee
  • hamstrings are being stretched over only one joint (the hip); can also extend your knee fully when the hip is extended because the hamstrings are being lengthened over only the knee
  • try to flex your hips to touch your toes with your knee extended you will probably experience a stretch in the posterior thigh well before you reach full hip flexion
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91
Q

circulatory pathology - hemorrhage / bleeding - subdural bleeds

A

occurs from head trauma tends to be subdural (under the dura mater); occur in veins, which are under less pressure, so symptoms tend to develop more slowly

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92
Q

cervical plexus

A

anterior rami of the first four cervical nerves (C1 to C4) split and join together in a specific pattern to form the cervical plexus

  • C2 goes to the sternocleidomastoid
  • C3 and C4 supply the trapezius
  • levator scapula receives innervation from C3 through C5
  • anterior scalene gets some innervation from C4, and the middle scalene gets innervation from C3 and C4
  • phrenic nerve, which is formed by branches of C3 through C5 and innervates the diaphragm
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93
Q

circulatory pathology - arteriosclerosis - heart attack / myocardial infarction

A

a complete atherosclerosis blockage

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94
Q

force type - linear

A

two or more forces are acting along the same line

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95
Q

accessory motion forces - bending and torsional

A

a combination

  • bending occurs when an other-than-vertical force is applied, resulting in compression on the concave side and distraction on the convex side
  • rotary or torsional forces involve a twisting motion; ne force is trying to turn one end or part about a longitudinal axis while the other force is fixed or turning in the opposite direction
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96
Q

circulatory pathology - heart murmur

A

extra or unusual heart sound in addition to the normal lub-dub sounds heard during a heart contraction; whooshing that can be heard through a stethoscope is usually turbulent blood back-flow; whooshing sound may be normal for that individual or a sign of valve pathology that allows blood to flow in the wrong direction

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97
Q

body axes

A

points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates

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98
Q

bone markings - projections or processes that fit into joints

A

.

99
Q

osteokinematics - plantar flexion

A

at ankle

100
Q

accessory motion - joint mobilization

A

when accessory motion is limited, reduced joint motion usually results

  • apply an external force to a patient’s joint to generate a passive oscillatory motion or sustained stretch between the joint surfaces; restores joint mobility or decrease pain originating from joint structures; to restore ROM, applied by generating passive arthrokinematic movement into the direction of restriction
101
Q

open kinetic chain activities

A

kinetic chain consists of a series of rigid links connected in such a way as to allow motion; movement of one link causes motion at other links in a predictable way

  • distal segment(s) is free to move while the proximal segment(s) can remain stationary; the limb segments are free to move in many directions; distal segment is not fixed but is free to move.
102
Q

respiratory pathology - emphysema

A

emphysema, the walls of the alveoli become distended and lose their elasticity due to chronic bronchial obstruction.

103
Q

vertebral column pathology - scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curve from the normal anterior-posterior curvature of the spine

104
Q

respiratory pathology - upper respiratory infection (URI)

A

infection confined to the nose, throat, and larynx (transition between the upper and lower airways)

  • common cold the most frequent URI; influenza (flu), laryngitis, and rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa)
105
Q

muscle fiber arrangement - parallel type - triangular

A

flat and fan-shaped, with fibers radiating from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other

106
Q

concave-convex rule

A

differences in shapes of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement; the joint surface of the moving bone (arthrokinematics) and the distal/opposite end of the moving bone (osteokinematics)

  • concave joint surface will glide on a fixed convex surface in the same direction as the distal end of the moving bone; concave joint surface glides in the same direction as the distal end of the same bony segment.
  • convex joint surface will glide on a fixed concave surface in the opposite direction as the distal end of the moving bone; the convex joint surface glides in the opposite direction as compared with the distal end of the same bony segment.
107
Q

state of equilibrium - unstable

A

only a slight force is needed to disturb an object

108
Q

length-tension relationship - tone

A

slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, even when the muscle is resting; state of readiness that allows the muscle to act more easily and quickly when needed

109
Q

body position

A
110
Q

vertebral column pathology - compression fractures

A

result in the collapse of the anterior (body) portion of the vertebrae; caused by trauma in the lumbar region or by osteoporosis in the thoracic region

  • does not commonly cause spinal cord damage and paralysis, because the fracture is usually stable; stable fracture does not have progressive displacement or dislocation
111
Q

body planes / planes of action - transverse / horizontal plane

A

passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts; rotation occurs in this plane

112
Q

flat bones

A

very broad surface but are not very thick; have a curved surface rather than a flat one; made up of two layers of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow in between

113
Q

CNS pathology - defect at the muscle tissue - muscular dystrophy

A

hereditary and progressive disease; weakness of proximal muscles, followed by progressive involvement of distal muscles

114
Q

temporomandibular joint / TMJ pathology - temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD)

A
  • clenching or grinding of the teeth at nighttime problem that can lead to TMD; repetitive stress can also lead to degeneration of the joint surfaces
  • clicking in the jaw when the articular disk is not positioned correctly
  • associated with cervical dysfunction; hanges in posture of the cervical spine change the orientation of the head in space, and this in turn can alter the TMJ muscle line of pull, length-tension relationships, and overall TMJ mechanics
115
Q

accessory motion forces - shearing

A

gliding motion in which the joint surfaces move parallel to one another

116
Q

circulatory pathology - hemorrhage / bleeding - epidural bleeds

A

from head trauma tends to be either epidural - between the skull and the dura mater; occur in arteries; symptoms develop more quickly due to higher pressure within the vessel

117
Q

inspiration

A
118
Q

state of equilibrium - neutral

A

an object’s COG is neither raised nor lowered when it is disturbed

119
Q

circulatory pathology - arteriosclerosis - stroke / cerebrovascular accident

A

complete atherosclerosis blockage in an artery to or in the brain

120
Q

origin

A

stable bone; when muscle contracts, one end of the joint moves toward the other

121
Q

CNS pathology - congenital defect - hydrocephalus

A

issue with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, absorption, and flow through the ventricles and subarachnoid space; excessive accumulation of CSF results in an abnormal widening of the ventricles, which creates potentially harmful pressure on the brain tissues

122
Q

vertebral column pathology - hangman’s fracture

A

fracture involving C2; occurs when there is a forceful, sudden hyperextension of the head; striking the head against the windshield in a motor vehicle accident is often the cause

  • stable fracture, but without proper care and handling, it could become unstable; spinal cord paralysis at this level usually results in death because respiration stops
123
Q

simple machine types - levers

A

rigid and can rotate around a fixed point when a force is applied

  • resistance (R) / load - must be overcome for motion to occur; use COG of part
    1. weight of the part being moved
    2. the pull of gravity on the part
    3. external weight being moved by the body part
  • axis (A) / fulcrum / joint - fixed point around which the lever rotates
  • force (F) / effort / muscle - which causes the lever to move; use the point of attachment to the bone
  • force arm (FA) - distance between the force and the axis
  • resistance arm (RA) is the distance between the resistance and the axis
  • arrangement of the axis (A) in relation to the force (F) and the resistance (R) determines the type of lever.
    1. longer the FA, the easier it is to move the part; the part will be easier to move, but the FA will have to move a greater distance.
    2. the longer the RA, the harder it is to move the part; it won’t have to move as far, but it will be harder to move
124
Q

respiratory pathology - pneumothorax / collapsed lung

A

introducing air into or otherwise destroying the vacuum of the pleural cavity, thereby reducing ventilation capacity

125
Q

PNS pathology - claw hand

A

loss of the intrinsic muscles due to ulnar nerve damage; proximal phalanges are hyperextended, and the middle and distal phalanges are in extreme flexion

126
Q

CNS pathology - degenerative motor disease - Alzheimer’s disease

A

irreversible, progressive brain disorder causing dementia and loss of cognitive functioning; destroys a person’s ability to function

127
Q

respiratory pathology - stitch

A

temporary condition common in runners; localized, sharp pain, usually felt just below the rib cage and commonly caused by a cramp in the diaphragm

128
Q

PNS pathology - ape hand

A

loss of thumb opposition (median nerve injury)

129
Q

joint types - fibrous joint - synarthrosis / suture joint

A

thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones; ends of the bones are shaped to allow them to interlock; no motion between the bones; its purpose is to provide shape and strength

130
Q

PNS pathology - neuropathy

A

accompanied by neurological deficits along the nerve pathway; classified according to cause or anatomical location; sensory distribution and clinical motor features of paralysis have been described earlier, with the individual nerves

131
Q

joint end feel - firm

A

results from tension in the surrounding ligaments, capsule, and/or muscles and is perceived as a firm stop to the motion with only a “slight give” on over- pressure; most common end feel and is usually qualified by labeling the tissue type that limits the motion

  • firm muscular end feel, firm capsular end feel, firm ligamentous end feel
132
Q

osteokinematics - hyperextension

A

continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position

133
Q

muscle pathology - trigger points

A

hyperirritable points within a tight band of muscle that refer pain to other areas of the body when they are active or when they are palpated; found in overworked muscle

134
Q

osteokinematics - ulnar deviation

A

wrist adduction; hand moves medially from the anatomical position toward the little finger side at the wrist

135
Q

body planes / planes of action - frontal / coronal plane

A

passes through the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts; motions occurring in this plane are abduction and adduction

136
Q

vertebral column pathology - herniated disks

A

weakness or degeneration of the annulus fibrosus (outer layer); allows a portion of the nucleus pulposus to bulge, or herniate, through the annulus

  • symptoms: when the herniation puts pressure on the spinal cord or, more commonly, on the nerve root
  • common sites: L4 and L5, fourth and fifth lumbar nerve roots
137
Q

skeletal system pathologies - Osgood-Schlatter disease

A

overuse can cause irritation and inflammation of any traction epiphysis where tendons attach to bone; at the traction epiphysis of the tibial tuberosity in children whose bones are still growing; usually exist only during the bone-growing years and not after the epiphyses have fused and bone growth stops

138
Q

sesamoid bones

A

resemble the shape of sesame seeds, are small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities; develop within the tendon and protect it from excessive wear; located on either side of the tendon near the head of the first metatarsal, providing a protective “groove” for the tendon to pass through this weight-bearing area; change the angle of a tendon’s attachment, which can increase its ability to generate force at the joints it crosses

139
Q

accessory motion - joint play

A

happens between joint surfaces when an external force creates passive motion at the joint

140
Q

vertebral column pathology - kyphosis

A

abnormally increased curve from the normal anterior-posterior curvature of the thoracic curve

141
Q

osteokinematics - radial deviation

A

wrist abduction; hand moves laterally, or toward the thumb side

142
Q

body planes / planes of action

A

fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided; each plane is at right angles, or perpendicular, to the other two

143
Q

osteokinematics - eversion

A

moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle

144
Q

length-tension relationship - active tension

A

contractile units and the force generated can be compared with releasing one end of a stretched rubber band

145
Q

PNS pathology - thoracic outlet syndrome

A

group of disorders that occur when the nerves of the brachial plexus and/or the subclavian artery and vein from neck to axilla become compressed in the thoracic outlet

  • space between the clavicle and first rib and possibly the scalene muscles
  • brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass between the anterior and middle scalene muscles, the first rib, and the clavicle
146
Q

simple machine types - lever - 1st class

A
  • axis is located between the force and the resistance
  • axis is close to the resistance, the RA will be shorter and the FA will be longer; easy to move the resistance.
  • axis is close to the force, the opposite will occur; it will be hard to move the resistance
  • a longer FA (or a shorter RA):
    1. easy to move the resistance (book),
    2. resistance is moved only a short distance
    3. force has to be applied through a long distance.
  • shorter FA (or a longer RA):
    1. It is harder to move the resistance
    2. The resistance moves a longer distance
    3. The force is applied through a short distance
147
Q

force types - stabilizing

A

perpendicular distance between the joint axis and the line of pull is very small; force generated by the muscle; nearly all of the force generated by the muscle is directed back into the joint, pulling the two bones together

148
Q

osteokinematics - adduction

A

movement toward the midline

149
Q

articular system pathologies - tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of the tendon sheath and is often caused by repetitive use

150
Q

joint types - cartilaginous / amphiarthrodial joint

A

has hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between the two bones; allow a small amount of motion, such as bending or twisting, and some compression; these joints provide a great deal of stability

151
Q

muscle fiber arrangement - oblique type - unipennate

A

look like one side of a feather; series of short fibers attaching diagonally along the length of a central tendon

152
Q

vertebral column pathology - spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord or of the intervertebral foramen through which the nerve roots pass

153
Q

force types - torque / moment of force / rotary

A

amount of torque a lever has depends on the amount of force exerted and the distance the force is from the axis; amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion

  • twisting force (torque) exerted by an arm can be increased:
    1. Increasing the force applied to the handle
    2. Increasing the length of the handle
154
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

attaches to the axial skeleton; contains the 126 bones of the extremities

155
Q

simple machine types - pulley - fixed

A

simple pulley attached to a beam; used only to change direction

  • 1st class lever
  • F on one side of the pulley (axis)
  • R on the other
156
Q

expiration

A
157
Q

osteokinematics - medial / internal rotation

A

rotation is movement of a bone or part around its longitudinal axis; anterior surface rolls inward toward the midline

158
Q

accessory motion forces - traction

A

cause joint distraction in which the joint surfaces pull apart from one another

  • carrying a heavy suitcase or hanging from an overhead bar causes distraction at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints
159
Q

muscle contraction - isotonic eccentric

A

continued to contraction, even though the joint motion is extension; joint motion but the muscle appears to lengthen; muscle attachments separate; muscle is actually returning to its normal resting position from a shortened position; can produce much greater force than can a concentric contraction

160
Q

muscle fiber arrangement - parallel type - rhomboidal

A

four-sided, usually flat, with broad attachments at each end

161
Q

body segments

A
  • divided according to bones
  • rarely used to describe joint motion
162
Q

vertebral column pathology - spondylosis / spinal osteoarthritis

A

degenerative disorder of vertebral structure and function; from bony spurs, thickening of ligaments, and decreased disk height that results from reduced water content of the nucleus pulposus, a normal part of the aging process and results in nerve root and spinal cord compression

163
Q

PNS pathology - Erb’s palsy / tip position

A

traction injury to a baby’s upper brachial plexus and occurs most commonly during a difficult childbirth; affected arm hangs in shoulder extension and medial rotation, elbow extended, forearm pronated, and wrist flexed

164
Q

muscle contraction - isometric

A

muscle contracts, producing force without changing the length of a muscle; muscle contracted, but no joint motion occurred

165
Q

muscle contraction

A

.

166
Q

articular system pathologies - synovitis

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane

167
Q

angular / rotary motion

A

movement of an object around a fixed point / axis; all parts of the object DO NOT move the same distance, DO move through the same:

  • angle, direction, time

most movement within the body is angular; joints serve as the axis around which angular motion occurs

  • the individual parts (within the body) moving in an angular fashion
168
Q

joint types - synovial / diarthrodial joint - biaxial joint - saddle joint

A

articular surface of each bone is concave in one direction and convex in the other; bones fit together like a horseback rider in a saddle; allows a slight amount of rotation; abduct and flex - the direction to which the pad is pointing has changed by approximately 90 degrees; rotation has occurred because of the joint’s shape

169
Q

vertebral column pathology - sciatica

A

pain that tends to run down the posterior thigh and leg; caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve roots; symptomatic of an underlying pathology such as a herniated lumbar disc

170
Q

PNS pathology - scapular winging

A

injury to the long thoracic nerve weakens or paralyzes the serratus anterior muscle, causing the medial border of the scapula to rise away from the rib cage

171
Q

osteokinematics - extension

A

straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase of the joint angle; returns the body part to the anatomical position after it has been flexed; anterior aspects of the joint surfaces tend to move away from each other

172
Q

circulatory pathology - arteriosclerosis - atherosclerosis

A

an artery becomes narrow, blood flow will slow or stop; can be from a blood clot traveling through an artery or from deposits within an artery; when fatty deposits in the artery wall cause narrowing or blockage of the vessel; site of the blockage will determine the problem

173
Q

joint types - synovial / diarthrodial joint - uniaxial joint - hinge joint

A

angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis; only motions possible are flexion and extension, which occur in the sagittal plane around the frontal axis

174
Q

PNS pathology - Sciatica

A

irritation of the sciatic nerve roots, with pain radiating down the back of the leg; often caused by compression from a herniated lumbar disc

175
Q

respiratory pathology - rib dislocation

A

displacement of the costal cartilage from the sternum

176
Q

joint end feel

A

type of the resistance that a clinician feels when bringing a patient’s joint to the end of its passive range of motion, then applying a slight over-pressure; identifies what tissue was responsible for limiting further motion at the end range of a joint

  • normal exists when there is full PROM at a joint, and the motion is limited by the expected anatomical structure(s) for that particular joint
  • abnormal end feel may be present when pain, muscle guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement; it can help to identify the “tissue at fault,” or the tissue creating the dysfunction; helps clinicians to direct treatment toward the true anatomical source of the problem
177
Q

vertebral column pathology - spondylolysis

A

vertebral defect in the pars interarticularis (the part of the lami- na between the superior and inferior articular process- es).

  • common in: L5 and less commonly in L4
178
Q

CNS pathology - spinal cord trauma - incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) - central cord syndrome

A

only part of the cord is damaged; greater loss of upper limb function compared with the lower limbs

179
Q

CNS pathology - spinal cord trauma - spinal cord injury (SCI)

A

depending on (1) the spinal level and (2) the area of the damage; result in loss of sensation and muscle function

  1. quadriplegia, which refers to all four extremities, involves T1 and above
  2. paraplegia refers to lower extremity involvement of T2 and below
180
Q

linear / translatory motion

A

occurs in straight line from one location to another; all parts of the object move the same:

  • distance, direction, time

movement outside the body is linear

  • the entire object moving in a linear fashion through space
181
Q

respiratory pathology - lower respiratory infection (LRI) - pneumonia

A

structures from the trachea to the alveoli

  • the most common LRI; inflammation of the alveoli caused by a bacterial or viral infection; can affect an entire lobe (lobar pneumonia) or can be scattered throughout the entire lung (bronchopneumonia)
  • bronchopneumonia is more common in the very young and very old
  • “walking pneumonia” not severe enough to confine the individual to bed or to be hospitalized
  • bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma are others
182
Q

force types - dislocating

A

past 90 degrees, the stabilizing force becomes a dislocating force because the force is directed away from the joint

  • muscle is most efficient at moving, or rotating, a joint when the joint is at or near 90 degrees
  • muscle becomes less efficient at moving or rotating when the joint angle is at the beginning or near the end of the joint range
183
Q

length-tension relationship - stretching

A

agonist usually becomes actively insufficient (cannot contract any farther) before the antagonist becomes passively insufficient (cannot be stretched farther)

  • done to increase the resting length of a muscle; performed on relaxed muscles.
  • joint(s) the muscle crosses should be placed in a position that is opposite from the action of that muscle.
  • multi-joint muscle: the muscle must be lengthened over all joints simultaneously in order to achieve a stretch
  • one-joint muscle, it is necessary to put any two-joint muscles on a slack over the joint(s) not crossed by the one joint-muscle
184
Q

closed kinetic chain activities

A

kinetic chain consists of a series of rigid links connected in such a way as to allow motion; movement of one link causes motion at other links in a predictable way

  • distal segment is fixed (closed) and the proximal segment(s) moves
185
Q

CNS pathology - spinal cord trauma - incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) - anterior cord syndrome

A

injury affects the anterior spinal tracts; posterior part of the cord is spared, proprioception that is carried in that part of the cord is preserved, but muscle function, pain sensation, and thermal sensation are lost

186
Q

joint types - synovial / diarthrodial joint - nonaxial joint - plane joint

A

movement is linear instead of angular; joint surfaces are flat and glide over one another; occurs secondarily to other motion

187
Q

joint end feel - hard / bony

A

hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion with no give on overpressure; when bone contacts bone at the end of the ROM

188
Q

joint types - fibrous joint - gomphosis / peg-in-socket joint

A

between a tooth and the wall of its dental socket in the mandible and maxilla

189
Q

state of equilibrium - stable

A

an object is in a position where disturbing it would require its COG to be raised

190
Q

articular system pathologies - capsulitis

A

inflammation of the joint capsule; if inflammed for an extended time, it begins to lose its extensibility, and loss of joint motion results.

capsular pattern of motion restriction - each joint has a characteristic pattern of lost motion that presents when capsular tightness is present; aids the clinician in identifying the capsule as the source of the motion restriction and in directing appropriate treatment toward that structure

191
Q

body axes - frontal axis

A

runs through a joint from side to side

192
Q

CNS pathology - demyelinating disease - Multiple Sclerosis

A

breaking down of the myelin sheath around axons; interfere with normal nerve transmission; sclerosis refers to scars or lesions in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord

193
Q

linear / translatory motion - curvilinear motion

A

movement occurs in a curved path that is not necessarily circular

194
Q

vertebrae

A
  • muscles take innervation from more than one spinal level; an injury at one spinal level may weaken a muscle, but some function will remain
195
Q

joint congruency / joint surface position - close(d)-pack(ed)

A

congruent, the joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed, and are difficult to distract (separate); ligaments and capsule holding the joint together are taut; occurs at one extreme of the ROM.

  • when ligaments and capsular structures are tested for stability and integrity, the joint is in this position often in this position when injured; when swollen, it cannot be moved into the close-packed position.
196
Q

arthrokinematic motion types - glide / slide

A

linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface; one point on a joint surface contacts new points on the adjacent surface

197
Q

muscle fiber arrangement - parallel type - fusiform

A

shape similar to that of a spindle; wider in the middle and tapers at both ends where it attaches to tendons; fibers run the length of the muscle; muscle may be any length or size, from long to short or large to small

198
Q

articular system pathologies - dislocation

A

complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint; portion of the joint capsule surrounding the joint will be torn

199
Q

long bones

A

length is greater than their width; the largest bones in the body; make up most of the appendicular skeleton; tube-shaped, with a shaft (diaphysis) filled with bone marrow (medullary canal) and two bulbous ends (epiphysis); the wide part of the shaft nearest the epiphysis is the metaphysis; body is still growing, bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate; over the articular surfaces of the epiphysis is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage.

200
Q

accessory motion forces - compression

A

cause joint approximation in which the joint surfaces are pushed closer together

  • doing a chair or floor push-up causes the joint surfaces of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints to be approximated.
201
Q

reversal of muscle action

A

direction of movement can be reversed if the more movable end is stabilized by some external force or by another muscle contraction; instead of the insertion moving toward the origin, the origin is now moving toward the insertion

202
Q

simple machine types

A

change the magnitude or direction of a force

203
Q

accessory motion - manipulation

A

high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) thrust; moving the joint with high speed through a very slight and calculated range that is just past where the joint play ends

204
Q

articular system pathologies - sprains

A

partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers

  • mild sprain - tearing of a few fibers with no loss of function
  • moderate sprain - partial tearing of the ligament with some loss of function
  • severe sprain - the ligament is completely torn (ruptured) and no longer functions
205
Q

CNS pathology - degenerative motor disease - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) / Lou Gehrig’s disease

A

both upper and lower motor neurons

206
Q

joint types - synovial / diarthrodial joint - triaxial / multiaxial joint - ball-and-socket joint

A

motion occurs actively around all three axes; allows more motion than any other type of joint; around the frontal axis (flexion and extension), around the sagittal axis (abduction and adduction), and around the vertical axis (rotation)

207
Q

body axes - vertical / longitudinal axis

A

runs through a joint from top to bottom

208
Q

angle / line of pull

A

between the origin and insertion of a muscle will dictate its action

  • know the muscle’s attachment points, the relative position of these attachments to one another, which point is more moveable, the side of the joint(s) that the muscle crosses, the available motions at the joint(s) it crosses, the angle at which it pulls, including whether it wraps around any bony prominences between its origin and insertion
  • most have a diagonal line of pull - resultant force of a vertical force and a horizontal force
209
Q

body axes - sagittal axis

A

point that runs through a joint from front to back

210
Q

bone markings - depressions and openings

A

.

211
Q

circulatory pathology - lymphedema

A

drainage patterns important; lymphatic tissue or nodes have been damaged, destroyed, or removed, lymph cannot drain normally from the involved area; abnormal drainage will result in an accumulation of excess lymph and swelling; commonly involves the arms or legs

212
Q

joint types - synovial / diarthrodial joint

A

no direct union between the bone ends; allows free motion; not as stable as the other types of joints but does allow a great deal more motion; there is a cavity filled with synovial fluid contained within a sleevelike capsule; outer layer made up of a strong fibrous tissue that holds the joint together; inner layer is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes the synovial fluid; articular surface is very smooth and covered with cartilage called hyaline or articular cartilage

213
Q

PNS pathology - Saturday Night palsy

A

radial nerve becomes compressed as it spirals around the mid-humerus; the person, often intoxicated, falls asleep with his or her arm over the back of a chair

214
Q

CNS pathology - spinal cord trauma - incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) - autonomic dysreflexia / hyperreflexia

A

potentially life-threatening complication associated with spinal cord injuries at or above T10; triggered by a noxious stimulus below the level of injury, such as a distended bladder

  • symptoms: severe headache, sudden hyperten- sion, facial flush, sweating, and gooseflesh, dangerous BP levels, stroke or death
215
Q

vertebral column pathology - flat back

A

abnormally decreased curve from the normal anterior-posterior curvature of the lumbar spine

216
Q

muscle fiber arrangement - oblique type

A

shorter but are more numerous per given area; have a greater strength potential but a smaller range-of-motion potential; feather arrangement in which a muscle attaches at an oblique angle to its tendon, much like feather tendrils attach to the quill

217
Q

PNS pathology - pope’s blessing / hand of benediction

A

Inability to flex the thumb and index and middle fingers (also median nerve injury)

218
Q

length-tension relationship - stretching

A

muscle builds up passive tension, much like stretching a rubber band, and involves the non-contractile units of a muscle

219
Q

circulatory pathology - congestive heart failure

A

condition in which the heart can’t pump strongly enough to push an adequate supply of blood out to the various parts of the body; as blood flowing from the heart slows, blood returning to the heart through the veins backs up, causing congestion in the body’s tissues; results in edema, especially in the feet, ankles, and lungs

220
Q

osteokinematics - flexion

A

bending movement of one bone on another, bringing the two segments together and causing a decrease in the joint angle; between anterior surfaces of adjacent bones, causing the anterior surfaces to move toward each other.

221
Q

circulatory pathology - arteriosclerosis - ischemia

A

a partial atherosclerosis blockage that occurs and slows blood flow in a coronary artery, which supplies blood to the heart muscle

  • causes angina - chest pain
222
Q

muscle pathology - strain

A

overstretching of muscle fibers and can happen with different degrees of severity

223
Q

vertebral column pathology - unstable fractures / fractures with dislocation

A

usually result in spinal cord injury and paralysis

224
Q

osteokinematics - palmar flexion

A

at wrist

225
Q

vertebral column pathology - ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic inflammation of the vertebral column and sacroiliac joints, leads to fusion; progressive rheumatic disease; over time, it can lead to a total loss of spinal mobility

226
Q

circulatory pathology - varicose veins

A

vein loses elasticity, it will stretch, when vein enlarges, the valve flaps will no longer meet properly and blood that should be flowing toward the heart will flow backward

  • occur as the blood pools in the vein, enlarging it even more; more common in superficial veins of the leg, because standing subjects them to higher pressure; deep veins surrounded by muscles that, as they contract, assist the veins in pumping the blood onward
227
Q

respiratory pathology - pleurisy

A

quiet, painful condition caused by inflammation of the pleura

228
Q

force types - angular / movement

A

angle of pull is at 90 degrees, perpendicular distance between the joint axis and center the line of pull is much larger; force of joint generated by the muscle; most of the force generated by the muscle is directed at rotating, not stabilizing the joint

229
Q

circulatory pathology - hemorrhage / bleeding - cerebral / stroke

A

serious because it occurs within the confines of the bony skull; nowhere for the blood to go

  • can put pressure on vital structures within the brain, causing a stroke or even death
230
Q

muscle fiber arrangement - parallel type - strap

A

long and thin with fibers running the entire length of the muscle

231
Q

length-tension relationship - tension

A

refers to the force built up within a muscle

232
Q

accessory motion

A
  1. motions that occur during active motion
  2. motions that occur during passive motion.

neither under voluntary control, but both are necessary for normal functional motion to occur

233
Q

osteokinematics - retraction

A

a linear movement in the same plane but toward the posterior midline

234
Q

skeletal system pathologies - Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

A

epiphysis of a growing bone is not firmly attached to the diaphysis, can slip or become misshapen

  • proximal head of the femur; when blood supply is interrupted to the femoral head, causing necrosis of the bone, at the pressure epiphysis in growing children
235
Q

skeletal system pathologies - slipped capital femoral epiphysis

A

head of the femur becomes displaced due to a separation at the growth plate

236
Q

joint types

A

.

237
Q

osteokinematics - lateral bending / flexion

A

neck or trunk moves sideways; the right or the left

238
Q

force types - gravitational

A

directed vertically downward, toward the center of the earth

239
Q

skeletal system pathologies - osteomyelitis

A

infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria; fracture that breaks through the skin (open fracture) poses a greater risk of developing osteomyelitis than a fracture that does not break the skin (closed fracture)

240
Q

joint types - fibrous joint - syndesmosis / ligamentous joint

A

lot of fibrous tissue, such as ligaments and interosseous membranes, holding the joint together; small amount of twisting or stretching movement can occur in this type of joint

241
Q

simple machine types - lever - 3rd class

A

force in the middle, with resistance and the axis at the opposite ends; RA doesn’t change, but the FA does; any gain in distance is lost in power; advantage is speed and distance; most common lever in the body; advantage gained from increased speed and distance is more important than the advantage gained from increased power

242
Q

force couple

A

two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect; pushing in different directions and cause continued movement

243
Q

simple machine types - inclined plane

A

a flat surface that slants; exchanges increased distance for less effort

  • longer the length of a wheelchair ramp, the greater the distance the wheel- chair must travel; requires less effort to propel the chair up the ramp because the ramp’s incline is less

AAO (5 decks)

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