Exam 1 Well Child: Toddler-Preschool Flashcards
Toddlers = ____ years
Preschoolers = _____ years
Leading cause of death (1-4) =
1-3 yo
3-6 yo
Unintentional injury (motor vehicle injuries)
Health Supervision visits for toddlers and preschoolers take place at what ages? (9)
15 months, 18 months, 24 months, 2 1/2 years, 3 years, 3/12 years, 4 years, 5 years, 6 years
Toddler Vital Signs
1) Heart Rate =
2) Respirations =
3) Temperature =
4) Blood Pressure =
5) Growth = (2) height and weight /year
1) 70-110
2) 20-30
3) 98-99 F
4) 90-105/ 55-70
5) 3 inches/year (4-6 lbs/year)
Head circumference is taken until ___ yo
BP start at ___ yo
BMI, Height starts to be taken at ___ yo
3
3
2
Developmental Screenings
1) __% of children have a developmental delay
2) Less than ____ are identified prior to starting school (and we know that if we catch it early and intervene early, we can help child “ ______ ______ _____”
3) Early intervention (3) therapies
1) 17%
2) half, “MEET MAXIMUM POTENTIAL”
3) Occupational therapy (fine motor skills), Physical therapy, speech therapy
Causes of developmental delays
1) _____ syndromes
2) P_____
3) ______ infections/____exposures (fetal alcohol syndrome)
4) _____ during delivery
5) V____/H____ impairments
6) L____ exposure
1) Genetic
2) Prematurity
3) Perinatal infections/Toxin exposures
4) Hypoxia
5) Visual/Hearing impairments
6) Lead
Developmental Screening Tools
1) Ages & Stages 15$
2) Bayley Infant Screener 25$
3) Infant development inventory $15
4) Denver Developmental Screening $58
5) Parents’ Evaluation of Development $15
6) CDC Developmental Milestones ______ (learn the signs. act ___!)
6) FREE (act early!)
Gross Motor Skills =
Fine Motor Skills =
What types of therapy?
= movements that use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso, and feet (standing, walking, running, jumping) PT
= movements that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips and tongue (grabbing using thumb and index finger, hand to mouth) OT
Oral and Motor Skills =
Social/Emotional Skills =
Cognitive Skills =
What type of therapy?
= language and communication, eating ST (speech therapy)
= Eye contact, smiles, interaction SE (special ed teacher)
= learning, thinking, problem solving SE (special ed teacher)
CT: What are we looking for in developmental screenings?
We’re looking for red flags, to see if child is delayed. We want to catch it EARLY. We are checking for all of the potential causes
CT: What do you suspect if a child walks on tiptoes, has repetitive speech and little eye contact?
Screening test =
At ___ and ___ months
Autism
MCHAT
18, 30
What is the concern with too much milk in a child’s diet?
1 cause of anemia in US
Iron Deficiency Anemia! bc too much calcium does not allow iron to be absorbed
Nutritional Needs for Toddlers (1-3)
1) Toddlers need ____ calories per day than infants
2) Preschoolers need ___ cal/kg
3) _____ meals/day (not big meals) + ____ snacks/day
4) ** Avoid (2)**
5) No more than ___ cups of milk/day
6) Food jags =
7) NO ___ feeding, it can lead to
8) Mealtime should be a ____ experience
9) P____ and HEALTHY ____ are super important until age 3 for ____ development
1) fewer
2) 90
3) 3, 2-3
4) Juices, Soda
5) 2 cups of milk
6) only eats a few foods
7) Force -> eating disorders
8) pleasant
9) Protein, Healthy Fats, important for Brain development
Physical Assessment
1) Allow “___ up” time prior to touching child
2) Remove only clothing _____ for each part of assessment
3) Proceed from ___ to ___ intrusive (listen to heart/lungs before anything painful)
4) Give ____ when possible
5) Primary dentition ___ teeth completed by __ months
6) Child sits where during assessment?
1) “warm up”
2) needed
3) Least to Most
4) Choices
5) 20 teeth by 30 months
6) On top of parent
Sleep Patterns
- ______ hrs of sleep each day
- Naps during 16-20 months?
- Nightmares occur when?
- Night Terrors occur when? Because of what?
- 8-13 hrs
- morning nap eliminated, one long afternoon nap 1-3 hrs
- early sleep
- second half of sleep, bc of active imagination, increased dream state, or can be related to stress/anxiety (recently divorced)
Preventative Care for Dental Carries in preschools and toddlers (3)
1) Brush twice daily with soft brush and pea sized fluoride toothpaste
2) Limit sweet drinks and snacks
3) Visit dentist every 6 months, starting at age 2
Temper Tantrums, the best way to handle is to ____ it, is common in toddler, should decrease with age
IGNORE
Tantrum tips
1) ____ tantrums with distraction at early signs
2) _____ child from others
3) Keep child ____
4) Remain ____ (be a role model)
5) If it doesn’t stop should you just give in and give candy?
6) Reward improvement of _____ control
7) ____ reinforcement!
8) Avoid ____ during nap time
1) AVOID
2) Separate
3) Safe
4) Calm (be a role model)
5) NO, don’t give in
6) behavior control
7) Positive reinforcement!
8) Active activities
Toddler Play Habits
Parallel Play =
Im____
What type of toys?
= Playing alongside but not WITH other kids (thats your toy, this is my toy)
Imitation
Push-pull toys, balls, riding toys, finger paint, crayons, puzzles with large pieces, blocks
Signs that a child is ready for toilet training
1) Diaper is dry for more than __ hours
2) Child is able to do what with pants?
3) _____ parent/sibling in bathroom
4) Able to follow _____
5) Shows ____ in ____ activities
Most children are ready to begin around
_____ yrs for girls
______ yrs for boys
1) 2
2) pull pants on and off
3) imitates
4) instructions
5) interest in toileting
2-2 1/2
2 1/2 -3
How to begin with toilet training
1) Have child select their own “___ ___” underwear
2) Place ______ in bathroom specifically for child
3) Child should be placed on chair at =
4) ____/____ success (ignore potty accidents)
5) If child doesn’t cooperate, what do you do?
1) “big boy”, “big girl” underwear
2) potty chair
3) regular intervals
4) Reward/Praise
5) wait a few weeks and try again
NY requirements for Lead
- Lead levels must be drawn on every child at ___ and ___ years
- Older if child eats (3), or has a ____ with high lead levels
In NYC any lead level __ or greater is reportable
- 1, 2
- paint chips, plaster, soil, has sibling with high lead levels
5
Lead pain was banned in ____
1) How can children get lead toxicity?
2) Found in what?
3) Can cause (3)
1978
1) By swallowing, breathing, or touching it
2) dust in lead paint
3) growth problems, behavior problems, difficulty learning (brain probs)
Lead Toxicity Prevention (4)
- Wash children’s hands and toys often
- Mop floors and use damp cloth to clean windowsills often
- Repair any peeling pain
- Be careful that children do not eat or play with paint chips, plaster, dust or dirt
- use only cold water for drinking, cooking, and preparing infant formula (bc lead doesn’t separate from hot water)
- use lead free dishes and pots (seen in pots from latin america, middle east, india)
