Exam 1- Weeks 1 and 2 Flashcards
the study of microscopic organisms
microbiology
yeast responsible for making bread rise
saccharomyces cerevisiae
how bread rises/microbial fermentation
- metabolize the carbohydrates in flour and produce carbon dioxide
- sugars convert to CO2 and organic acids
improve food safety and preserve foods
beneficial microbes (preservation of organic acids)
study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
microbial ecology
first to show how bacteria help recycle vital elements between soil and atmosphere
Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky
convert elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorous into forms that plants and animals can use
responsibility of microorganisms
microbial cleanup of oil, toxic chemicals, or other environmental pollutants
bioremediation
increase in bacteria to help do something; ex- increase in oil-degrading bacteria
bioenhancers
increasing the amount of genetically modified bacteria; specifically adapted to metabolize petroleum products
bioaugmentation
live in close association with bacteria, from nodules on their roots (ex- beans, peas, etc.)
legumes
tiny factories where bacteria come and stay on legumes and convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium
nodule
causes crown gall on a burning bush
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
toxic protein in digestive tract of insects; helps protect plants
bacillus thurigensis
graze on cellulose rich plants; bacteria in the rumen ferment the cellulose
ruminants such as cattle and sheep
genetically modified organisms used to synthesize products of high value; naturally occurring microorganisms grown on a massive scale to make large amounts of products at a relatively low cost; ex- insulin
biotechnology
microbes normally present in and on the human body; prevents growth of pathogens
microbiota
intestines- digestion
skin- protection
-number increases from stomach to large intestine (colon)
role of microbiota
microbes that cause disease
pathogens
fungal toxins, can cause organ damage
mycotoxins
infections acquired by patients while in a hospital or other clinical care facility
healthcare-associated infections (HAI)
infection while in the hospital
nosocomial infection
leading cause of HAI, antibiotic resistant organism, causes diarrhea and colitis; fecal transplant used as treatment when probiotics do not work
clostridium difficile
4.6 billion years
age of earth
~3.7/4.3 billion years ago
microbial cells first appeared
first phototrophs, non-oxygen producing, ex- purple and green sulfur bacteria
anoxygenic
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
domains
earliest oxygen producing (oxygenic phototroph), ~2 bya
cyanobacteria
gave evidence of microbes preserved in structures; fossilized microbial formations ~3.5 bya
stromatolites
cyanobacteria, used to compare modern and ancient
modern stromatolite
multicellular life forms
eukaryotes
common ancestor from which all domains have descended from
last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
sent an electrical charge through a flask of a chemical solution of methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and water (1953)
Stanley Miller’s experiment
created organic compounds including amino acids (experiment)
results of stanley miller’s experiment
causative agent for the plague, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium
Yersinia pestis
fatal pandemic of medieval period, known as the black death because of black skin spots
the plague
where bacteria sits and travels
reservior
urban rats and ground squirrels
reservoir for the plague
transmit organism
vector
fleas- to humans and animals
vector for the plague
main species of rat flea as plague vector; bacteria replicated in the gut, flea regurgitates blood in next bite transmitting bacteria
Xenopsylla cheopis
infectious disease hosted by animals
zoonosis
accidental hosts, ex- plague
not in typical chain of hosts but become part of it
-flea bites
-contact with contaminated fluid or tissue
-infectious droplets (animals –> humans)
methods of transmission of the plague
an endemic disease present in an animal population
enzootic
already running in an area but at a low rate
endemic
an epidemic disease present in an animal population
epizootic
disease to a new population that kills off many- vector finds new population when the first dies off
epidemic
-most common plague
-results from infected flea
-bacteria multiply in lymph node near entrance to human body
-buboes, fever, headache develop
bubonic plague (black death)
blocks phagocytosis, helps massive colonization in immune system
capsule
flea bites human –> bacteria trapped at sit of bite in blood clot –> secretes proteases, activates host plasmin –> dissolves blood clot –> bacteria enters bloodstream
activation series of bubonic plague
2-8 days
incubation period of bubonic plague
swollen, painful lymph nodes (usually in groin area first from lower limb bite)
buboes
if bubonic plague not treated properly, bacteria spread to lungs
pneumonic plague
-incubation period 1-3 days
-transmitted person to person by infectious droplets (coughing)
-only type transmitted person to person
pneumonic plague
-rapid spread of bubonic plague via bloodstream if untreated
-severe, cause bleeding into the skin and other organs and septic shock
septicemic plague
-take blood sample from blood or swollen lymph node
-visualization of gram-negative rods with gram stain
-bipolar staining (safety pin appearance)
-known flea bite or present bubo
-ELISA/serologic testing
how to diagnose bubonic plague
-intravenous or oral antimicrobials
-no vaccine available in US
treatment for the plague
good control between reservoir and vector
prevention of the plague
using a bacteria/infectious disease as a biological weapon
bioterrorism
father of western medicine
- believed diseases had natural causes from within patients or their environments
Hippocrates
“greatest sewer”- ran through ancient Rome, carried waste away from the city
Cloaca Maxima
the first person to observe microbes, including bacteria which he called “animalcules” and “wee little beasties”
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (16-32-1723)
credited with the following innovations:
-microbial basis of fermentation
-work on spontaneous generation
-development of vaccines
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known human disease
-anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
golden age of microbiology (people)
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms
taxonomy
Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician who developed a new system (taxonomy) for categorizing plants and animals
-published Systema Naturae
Carolus Linnaeus
system of categorizing and naming organisms using a standard format and consistent terminology
Linnaean taxonomy
evolving trees of life, more refined based on similarities
phylogenies
-studied the role of genetics in modern taxonomy
-used small unit rRNA
Carl Woese
closer evolutionary relationship between ___ and ___ than they have to ___
archaea, eukarya; bacteria
animals, fungi, plants
groups in domain eukarya
used to name microbes
- every organism assigned genus name and specific epithet (species), both printed underlined or italicized
Ex- Escherichia coli
= E. coli
binomial nomenclature
first of two names for an organism- always capitalied
genus
second of two names for an organism- lowercase
species
organism-
-genus- saltwater habitat and arrangement clusters of four cells
-species- named after Anthony Edward Walsby, discoverer
Haloquadratum walsbyi
no true nucleus or nuclear membrane, including bacteria and archaea
prokaryotic microbial cells
have a true nucleus, include fungi, protozoa, and algae
eukaryotic microbial cells
-prokaryotic
-cell walls contain peptidoglycan
-common shaped include spherical (coccus), rod-shaped (bacillus), or curved (spirillum, spirochete, vibrio)
bacteria
-associated with extreme environments (but not all are)
-lack any known pathogens or parasites
archaea
common in the gut of animals (and humans), responsible for methane production (can be measured with breath analysis- CEBO)
Methanogenic Archaea
