Exam 1- Week 3 (some)

Question 1

-viscous (sticky) , gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall
-composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both
-made inside cell and secreted to surface
-doesn’t give strength- gives disease causing ability

Answer 1

Glycocalyx and S-Layers

glycocalyx = sugar coat

Question 2

-organized and firmly attached to peptidoglycan cell wall
-protective advantages: resistant to phagocytosis and protects from desiccation

Answer 2

capsules

Question 3

-unorganized, loosely attached to the cell wall
-may facilitate mobility
-porous

Answer 3

slime layers

Question 4

causes dental caries

Answer 4

streptococcus mutans

Question 5

mesh-like polymer of identical subunits forming long strands, gives strength and shape to cell

Answer 5

cell wall

Question 6

two alternating sugars of the cell wall that form the carbohydrate backbone

Answer 6

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Question 7

L-alanine, D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, and either L-lysine or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)
-attached to NAG and NAM

Answer 7

alternating D- and L- amino acids in cell wall

Question 8

4 amino acids

Answer 8

tetrapeptide

Question 9

lexorotation
-more common- protein synthesis

Answer 9

L form of amino acids in cell wall

Question 10

dextrorotation
-only in cell wall = good target for antibiotics
-different structure but mirror image of L-form

Answer 10

D form of amino acids in cell wall

Question 11

-linear, double stranded DNA virus
-replicates in the cytoplasm
-dumbbell shape DNA core
-globally eradicated

Answer 11

small pox

Question 12

-first successful vaccine developed- created by Edward Jenner in 1796
-milkmaids who previously had cowpox did not get small pox = immunity

Answer 12

small pox vaccine

Question 13

acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, genus orthopoxvirus

Answer 13

small pox

Question 14

variola major and variola minor

Answer 14

two major forms of small pox

Question 15

strict specificity for humans

Answer 15

characteristic feature of small pox

Question 16

-direct and prolonged face-to-face contact
-infectious droplets
-contaminated bedding or clothing

Answer 16

transmission modes of small pox

Question 17

from when first sores appear in the mouth and throat and the early rash stage

Answer 17

small pox patients become contagious

Question 18

until last small pox scab falls off

Answer 18

small pox patients remain contagious

Question 19

contain the variola virus

Answer 19

scabs and fluid found in patients disgnostic sores

Question 20

incubation period of small pox (longer than others in same genus)

Answer 20

7-19 days

Question 21

fever, head and body aches, sometimes vomiting

Answer 21

initial symptoms of small pox

Question 22

most contagious part of small pox, lasts about 4 days

Answer 22

small pox early rash

Question 23

contagious part of small pox lasting about 10 days

Answer 23

postular rash and scabs

Question 24

still contagious for small pox lasting about 6 days

Answer 24

small pox scabs fall off

Question 25

four weeks after rash appears, patient is no longer contagious

Answer 25

no scabs left from small pox

Question 26

no vaccine or immunization for this disease- has been wiped out

Answer 26

small pox vaccination

Question 27

cleaves glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM

Answer 27

lysozyme

Question 28

-strengthens cell wall
-formed from alternating NAG and NAM
-formation is blocked by penicillin

Answer 28

peptide cross-bridge

Question 29

-gram-negative bacteria, cross-link forms fro amino group of DAP of one glycan strand to the carboxyl group of terminal d-alanine on adjacent glycan strand
-direct formation of peptidoglycan

Answer 29

no inter bridge is present

Question 30

-gram-positive bacteria
-cross-link amino acids vary between species
-indirect binding of peptidoglycan

Answer 30

short peptide inter bridge present

Question 31

why gram-positive bacteria are vulnerable to lysis

Answer 31

lysozyme are particularly active on the major cell wall components of this type of bacteria

Question 32

composed primarily of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids (negatively charged)

Answer 32

gram-positive cell walls

Question 33

-consist of an alcohol and phosphate
-help maintain cell envelope in gram-positive cell wall
-protect the cell from environmental substances
-may bind to host cells to initiate infection

Answer 33

teichoic acids (negatively charged)

Question 34

gives the negative charge of teichoic acids

Answer 34

phosphate

Question 35

additional layer in gram-negative cells

Answer 35

outer membrane

Question 36

outer leaflet of the outer membrane of a gram-negative cell; lipid A and polysaccharide chains

Answer 36

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 37

lipid A buried in outer membrane, core polysaccharide joined to lipid A, O side chain (O antigen) extending outward from core

Answer 37

three parts of the lipopolysaccharide

Question 38

-contributes to negative charge on cell surface
-helps stabilize outer membrane structure
-creates permeability barrier
-host defense protection
-acts as an endotoxin

Answer 38

role of lipopolysaccharide in gram-negative outer membrane

Question 39

mycobacteria are considered gram-positive but have extra thick and complex ___

Answer 39

mycobacterial envelope

Question 40

sterol-like molecules in cytoplasmic membranes of many bacteria

Answer 40

hopanoids

Question 41

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 41

osmosis

Question 42

-no net movement of water particles
-cell membrane is attached to cell wall
-solute concentration outside and inside the cell are equal

Answer 42

isotonic solution