Exam 1: week 1 Flashcards
What is the diathesis-stress model
nature AND nurture
diathesis = biology
stress = environmental
mental illness comes from both
What is the mental health parity act
1996
act that requires insurance companies to cover mental health in the same degree as physical health
Who is the mother of psychiatric nursing
Hildegard Peplau
What is the psychoanalytic theory
Freud
mental illness is due to trauma in childhood
talk therapy
free association
levels of awareness
personality structure
What are Freud’s levels of awareness
conscious- aware
peconscious- easily retrieved
unconscious- repressed memories
What is Freud’s personality structure
Id- selfish
Ego- reasoning
Superego- selfless
What is Freud’s theory about anxiety
Anxiety is an inevitable part of life
- defense mechanisms are created by the ego to ward off anxiety
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages of development
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
What age is the oral stage of development
birth-1 year
What age is the anal stage of development
1-3 years
What age is the phallic stage of development
3-6 years
What age is the latency stage of development
6-11 years
What age is the genital stage of development
12 and up
What is transference
When a patient puts their feelings about someone in their life on the caregiver
(you remind them of their child so they talk to you like a baby)
What is countertransference
When the caregiver puts their feelings about someone in their life on the patient
(your dad is an alcoholic and sucks so you treat your alcoholic patient as if they suck)
What is psychodynamic therapy
newer model of psychoanalytic therapy
- more input from therapist
- good for intelligent patients who are ready for change
- focuses more on the present
What is the interpersonal theory
harry Stack Sullivan
- personality is behavior observed within interpersonal relationships
- purpose of all behavior is too meet needs and reduce/avoid anxiety
Interpersonal therapy is good for treating which mental health issues
Greif/loss
interpersonal disputes
role transitions
How is the interpersonal theory used in nursing
Hildegard Peplau
- patient focused
- nurse must be participant and observer (authentic human being)
- application of Sullivan’s theory of anxiety to help patients
- lowering patients’ anxiety improved ability to think and function
What is the behavior theory
Behavior is influenced by conditioning (do good, get reward)
- Pavlov (classical conditioning - drooling dogs)
- skinner (operant conditioning - mouse hit lever, get food)
- Watson (classical conditioning in humans - baby afraid of rat)
What are the four types of behavioral therapy
modeling
operant conditioning
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
What is the modeling type of behavioral therapy
Therapist provides a role model for the patient
- behavior is learned through imitation and role play
What is the operant conditioning type of behavioral therapy
Uses positive reinforcement to modify behavior
What is the systematic desensitization type of behavioral therapy
exposes the patient to their fears so they can get over them (exposure therapy)
What is aversion therapy
A type of behavioral therapy used when the other types are unsuccessful
- rarely used
- uses punishment to discourage a behavior
What are the two types of cognitive therapies
rational emotive therapy
cognitive behavioral therapy
What is rational-emotive therapy
Ellis
- aims to eliminate irrational beliefs
What is cognitive behavioral therapy
Beck
- identify distorted beliefs
- change way of thinking
- change behavior
- reduce symptoms
What is the humanistic theory
Abraham Maslow
- humans strive for self actualization
- focus less on negative emotions and more on positive emotions
What are the steps in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
(bottom to top)
physiological needs
safety needs
love and belonging
esteem
self-actualization
What are the 8 stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory
trusts vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame-doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generativity vs. self-absorption
integrity vs. despair
What ages are associated with Erikson’s psychosocial development theory at the trust vs. mistrust stage
0-1.5 years
What ages are associated with Erikson’s psychosocial development theory at the autonomy vs shame-doubt stage
1.5-3 years
What ages are associated with Erikson’s psychosocial development theory at the initiative vs. guilt stage
3-6 years
What ages are associated with Erikson’s psychosocial development theory at the industry vs. inferiority stage
6-12 years
What ages are associated with Erikson’s psychosocial development theory at the identity vs. role confusion stage
12-20 years
What ages are associated with Erikson’s psychosocial development theory at the intimacy vs isolation stage
20-35 years
What ages are associated with Erikson’s psychosocial development theory at the generativity vs self absorption stage
35-65 years
What ages are associated with Erikson’s psychosocial development theory at the integrity vs despair stage
65+ years
What are the main points of Erikson’s ego theory
- eight stages of development
- follower of Freud but believed that development continues throughout life
- failure at one stage can be rectified at another stage
What is the theory of object relations
Margaret Mahler
- past relationships influence sense of self and present relationships
- early separation from the mother causes issues
- psychological birth = when child separates from their mother and becomes an individual
What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Preconventional level
- stage 1
- stage 2
Conventional level
- stage 3
- stage 4
Postconventional level
- stage 5
- stage 6
What are the main points of Gilligan’s ethics of care theory
- believed that Kohlberg’s theory favored males
- women prioritize ethics of care
- men prioritize ethics of justice
- used Kohlberg’s levels of development but focused less on cognition and more on personal development
What are Gilligan’s levels of development
Preconventional
- “I love me” to “I love you”
Conventional
- “I love you more than me”
Postconventional
- “I love myself and you”
What is Milieu therapy
A psychiatric philosophy that involves a secure environment (people, settings, structure, and emotional climate) to support recovery.
Takes naturally occurring events in the environment and uses them as learning opportunities for patients.
