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HORT 3005w > Exam 1 vocab > Flashcards

Exam 1 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Algae

A

aquatic eukaryotic organisms that have chloroplasts and photosynthesize

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2
Q

Bryophyte +example

A

nonvascular, seedless (liverworts)

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3
Q

Lycophyte +example

A

vascular, seedless (club moss)

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4
Q

fern +example

A

vascular, seedless (sword ferns)

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5
Q

Gymnosperms +example

A

vascular, seeds in cones, no flowers

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6
Q

Angiosperms

A

vascular, seeds in ovary, flowers

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7
Q

haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes

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8
Q

diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

monoecious

A

individual plants produce both male and female spores

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10
Q

pollen

A

male gametophyte

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11
Q

embryo sac

A

female gametophyte

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12
Q

dioecious

A

separate plants produce male and female spores

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13
Q

Meristem

A

localized regions of actively dividing cells. neraly all plant cell division happens here

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14
Q

shoot and root apical meristems

A

give direction to plant growth (up or down)

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15
Q

axillary buds and root branch meristems

A

meristem of branches (smaller, increase plant spread)

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16
Q

cambium

A

group of meristematic cells that increase stem/root width

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17
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA coiled into Dna/protein complexes

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18
Q

gene expression

A

the process of taking information in DNA and making a functional product

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19
Q

vesicle

A

small membrane “bubble” that transports cell products

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20
Q

ATP

A

energy currency of the cell

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21
Q

cell wall

A

rigid structure made of cellulose fibers and lignin

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22
Q

chloroplast-

A

semi-autonomous organelle where photosynthesis occurs

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23
Q

central vacuole

A

large storage compartment filled with water, ions, and other molecules

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24
Q

plasmodesmata

A

gated tubular channels that connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells

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25
Q

wall collar

A

“valve” that can open or close plasmodesmata

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26
Q

desmotubule

A

tube of endoplasmic reticulum that crosses the plasmodesmata

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27
Q

symplastic transport

A

intercellular transport of substances between cells via plasmodesmata

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28
Q

apoplastic transport

A

extracellular transport of substances through cell wall spaces

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29
Q

dermal tissue

A

cells that cover plant surface

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30
Q

ground tissue

A

cells that make up the plant body

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31
Q

vascular tissue

A

cells that conduct water and phloem

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32
Q

cohesion

A

attraction of water molecules to each other

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33
Q

adhesion

A

attraction of water molecules to surfaces like glass

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34
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

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35
Q

diffusion

A

spontaneous movement of a molecule across a specific distance

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36
Q

solute

A

dissolved molecule

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37
Q

water potential

A

measurement of how much potential energy water has at any given location

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38
Q

turgor pressure

A

force of water pushing on the cell wall, gives structure to plants

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39
Q

hydraulic conductivity (Lp)

A

how easily water can pass the plasma membrane

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40
Q

aquaporin

A

gated protein channels that let water more easily pass the plasma membrane

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41
Q

root hairs

A

long extensions of the cell wall and plasma membrane

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42
Q

mycorrhizae

A

fungi that further maximize root contact area and help plants obtain water and nutrients

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43
Q

suberin

A

waterproof wax that is deposited on the outside of older roots

44
Q

casparian strip

A

ring of lignin that blocks apoplastic transport of water into root vascular tissue

45
Q

xylem

A

series of dead cells that form hollow tubes to conduct water

46
Q

tracheids

A

thin, elongated cells arranged into overlapping bundles (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

47
Q

vessel elements

A

short, cylindrical cells arranged into stack (angiosperms)

48
Q

pit

A

pore in tracheids and vessel elements where water can pass

49
Q

perforation plate

A

pores at the ends of vessel elements where water can pass

50
Q

transpiration

A

evaporation of water from leaves to the atmosphere

51
Q

cavitation

A

process by which negative pressue causes dissolved gases to come out of solution or causes boiling forming bubbles in the xylem

52
Q

guttation

A

release of water from special pore when too much positive pressure builds up

53
Q

cuticle

A

waxy substance made by epidermal cells to prevent water loss (5-10%)

54
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

tightly packed, photosynthetic cells below upper epidermis

55
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

loosely packed, photosynthetic cells below palisade mesophyll

56
Q

guard cells

A

special pair of crescent-shaped cells that control stomatal opening

57
Q

boundary layer

A

sheath of still air that surround the lead

58
Q

mobile

A

symptoms in in old leaves

59
Q

immobile

A

symptoms in young leaves

60
Q

meristematic zone

A

region of rapid cell division

61
Q

elongation zone

A

region of rapid cell expansion

62
Q

maturation zone

A

region of root hair development, reduced cell expansion

63
Q

mutualism

A

association among organisms where everyone benefits

64
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

obligate plant associates

65
Q

ectomycorrhizae

A

only grow in the inter-cellular space

66
Q

pH

A

concentration of hydrogen ions in soil

67
Q

passive transport

A

transport that must obey chemical gradients, spontaneous

68
Q

active transport

A

transport that uses energy to overcome gradient forces, not spontaneous

69
Q

chemical potential

A

potential energy of solutes dues to concentration and electrical gradients

70
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

difference in concentration and change across a membrane that drive movement

71
Q

channel

A

gated protein that forms a pore in the plasma membrane

72
Q

carrier

A

protein that binds a solute on its surface, changes shape, and translocates the solute across the membrane

73
Q

pump

A

protein that consume ATP to move solutes across gradients

74
Q

primary active transport

A

use ATP for energy (pumps)

75
Q

secondary active transport

A

use gradients for energy (carriers)

76
Q

symporters

A

use gradient energy to move two ions in the same direction

77
Q

antiporters

A

use gradient energy to move two ions in opposite directions

78
Q

abiotic stress

A

stress resulting from non-living environmental factors

79
Q

water deficit

A

drought, not enough water for a plant to achieve maximum growth

80
Q

hormone

A

systemic signaling molecule that produces physiological and/or morpholgical changes

81
Q

osmotic adjustment

A

when plants accumulate solutes in response to water stress to lower water potential

82
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death that happens in a specific pattern

83
Q

aerenchyma

A

hollow tubes in roots and shoots that conduct air to submerged tissues

84
Q

enzyme

A

protein that catalyzes chemical reactions

85
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

conversion on N2 gas into NH4+

86
Q

rhizobia

A

bacteria live inside of plant tissues and fix nitrogen in return for housing and/or sugar/amino acids

87
Q

legumes

A

plants in the family Fabaceae that form nodules to house rhizobia. Seeds develop in a pod

88
Q

isoflavonoids

A

compounds excreted by legume roots that attract free-living rhizobia

89
Q

nod factor

A

chemical signal produced by rhizobia. Induces infection thread development

90
Q

metabolism

A

chemical rxns performed by living organisms

91
Q

primary metabolism

A

chemical rxns performed by living organisms to harvest or store energy

92
Q

thylakoid

A

stacked membranes where light energy is absorbed and used to make ATP

93
Q

stroma

A

liquid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids, analogous to the cytoplasm

94
Q

thylakoid rxns

A

reactions that harvest light energy and use it to make ATP (aka light rxns)

95
Q

stroma rxns

A

reactions that use CO2 to make glucose (aka dark rxns, light-independent rxns, calvin cycle)

96
Q

NADH

A

electron carrier used in respiration

97
Q

quench

A

when absorbed light energy is spent in non-harmful processes (e.g. photosynthesis)

98
Q

carotenoids

A

accessory pigments in antenna complexes; help absorb light; 1st line of defense against excess light (can quench excited chlorophyll

99
Q

free radical scavenging

A

2nd line of defense against excess light

100
Q

super-oxide dismutase

A

enzyme that detoxifies super-oxide to oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. requires Zn and Cu to function

101
Q

ascorbate peroxidase

A

enzyme that uses vitamin C (ascorbate to detoxify hydrogen peroxide)

102
Q

DCMU

A

herbicide that blocks the transfer of electrons from PSII to cytochrome b6f. Binds to D1 subunit of PSII

103
Q

paraquat

A

herbicide that accepts electrons from PSI and then uses them to make reactive oxygen species that damage proteins and membranes

104
Q

carbon fixation

A

the biological conversion of inorganic carbon (CO2) to organic Carbon (CH2O); requires a lot of ATP and NADPH; occur in the light

105
Q

carboxylation

A

attaching CO2 to a pre existing FIVE CARBON SUGAR

106
Q

reduction

A

creation of 2 THREE CARBON SUGARS

107
Q

regeneration

A

regeneration of FIVE CARBON starting SUGAR from 1 THREE CARBON SUGAR

HORT 3005w (13 decks)

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