Exam 1 vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Algae
A
aquatic eukaryotic organisms that have chloroplasts and photosynthesize
2
Q
Bryophyte +example
A
nonvascular, seedless (liverworts)
3
Q
Lycophyte +example
A
vascular, seedless (club moss)
4
Q
fern +example
A
vascular, seedless (sword ferns)
5
Q
Gymnosperms +example
A
vascular, seeds in cones, no flowers
6
Q
Angiosperms
A
vascular, seeds in ovary, flowers
7
Q
haploid
A
1 set of chromosomes
8
Q
diploid
A
2 sets of chromosomes
9
Q
monoecious
A
individual plants produce both male and female spores
10
Q
pollen
A
male gametophyte
11
Q
embryo sac
A
female gametophyte
12
Q
dioecious
A
separate plants produce male and female spores
13
Q
Meristem
A
localized regions of actively dividing cells. neraly all plant cell division happens here
14
Q
shoot and root apical meristems
A
give direction to plant growth (up or down)
15
Q
axillary buds and root branch meristems
A
meristem of branches (smaller, increase plant spread)
16
Q
cambium
A
group of meristematic cells that increase stem/root width
17
Q
Chromosomes
A
DNA coiled into Dna/protein complexes
18
Q
gene expression
A
the process of taking information in DNA and making a functional product
19
Q
vesicle
A
small membrane “bubble” that transports cell products
20
Q
ATP
A
energy currency of the cell
21
Q
cell wall
A
rigid structure made of cellulose fibers and lignin
22
Q
chloroplast-
A
semi-autonomous organelle where photosynthesis occurs
23
Q
central vacuole
A
large storage compartment filled with water, ions, and other molecules
24
Q
plasmodesmata
A
gated tubular channels that connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells
25
wall collar
"valve" that can open or close plasmodesmata
26
desmotubule
tube of endoplasmic reticulum that crosses the plasmodesmata
27
symplastic transport
intercellular transport of substances between cells via plasmodesmata
28
apoplastic transport
extracellular transport of substances through cell wall spaces
29
dermal tissue
cells that cover plant surface
30
ground tissue
cells that make up the plant body
31
vascular tissue
cells that conduct water and phloem
32
cohesion
attraction of water molecules to each other
33
adhesion
attraction of water molecules to surfaces like glass
34
osmosis
diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
35
diffusion
spontaneous movement of a molecule across a specific distance
36
solute
dissolved molecule
37
water potential
measurement of how much potential energy water has at any given location
38
turgor pressure
force of water pushing on the cell wall, gives structure to plants
39
hydraulic conductivity (Lp)
how easily water can pass the plasma membrane
40
aquaporin
gated protein channels that let water more easily pass the plasma membrane
41
root hairs
long extensions of the cell wall and plasma membrane
42
mycorrhizae
fungi that further maximize root contact area and help plants obtain water and nutrients
43
suberin
waterproof wax that is deposited on the outside of older roots
44
casparian strip
ring of lignin that blocks apoplastic transport of water into root vascular tissue
45
xylem
series of dead cells that form hollow tubes to conduct water
46
tracheids
thin, elongated cells arranged into overlapping bundles (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
47
vessel elements
short, cylindrical cells arranged into stack (angiosperms)
48
pit
pore in tracheids and vessel elements where water can pass
49
perforation plate
pores at the ends of vessel elements where water can pass
50
transpiration
evaporation of water from leaves to the atmosphere
51
cavitation
process by which negative pressue causes dissolved gases to come out of solution or causes boiling forming bubbles in the xylem
52
guttation
release of water from special pore when too much positive pressure builds up
53
cuticle
waxy substance made by epidermal cells to prevent water loss (5-10%)
54
palisade mesophyll
tightly packed, photosynthetic cells below upper epidermis
55
spongy mesophyll
loosely packed, photosynthetic cells below palisade mesophyll
56
guard cells
special pair of crescent-shaped cells that control stomatal opening
57
boundary layer
sheath of still air that surround the lead
58
mobile
symptoms in in old leaves
59
immobile
symptoms in young leaves
60
meristematic zone
region of rapid cell division
61
elongation zone
region of rapid cell expansion
62
maturation zone
region of root hair development, reduced cell expansion
63
mutualism
association among organisms where everyone benefits
64
arbuscular mycorrhizae
obligate plant associates
65
ectomycorrhizae
only grow in the inter-cellular space
66
pH
concentration of hydrogen ions in soil
67
passive transport
transport that must obey chemical gradients, spontaneous
68
active transport
transport that uses energy to overcome gradient forces, not spontaneous
69
chemical potential
potential energy of solutes dues to concentration and electrical gradients
70
electrochemical gradient
difference in concentration and change across a membrane that drive movement
71
channel
gated protein that forms a pore in the plasma membrane
72
carrier
protein that binds a solute on its surface, changes shape, and translocates the solute across the membrane
73
pump
protein that consume ATP to move solutes across gradients
74
primary active transport
use ATP for energy (pumps)
75
secondary active transport
use gradients for energy (carriers)
76
symporters
use gradient energy to move two ions in the same direction
77
antiporters
use gradient energy to move two ions in opposite directions
78
abiotic stress
stress resulting from non-living environmental factors
79
water deficit
drought, not enough water for a plant to achieve maximum growth
80
hormone
systemic signaling molecule that produces physiological and/or morpholgical changes
81
osmotic adjustment
when plants accumulate solutes in response to water stress to lower water potential
82
apoptosis
programmed cell death that happens in a specific pattern
83
aerenchyma
hollow tubes in roots and shoots that conduct air to submerged tissues
84
enzyme
protein that catalyzes chemical reactions
85
nitrogen fixation
conversion on N2 gas into NH4+
86
rhizobia
bacteria live inside of plant tissues and fix nitrogen in return for housing and/or sugar/amino acids
87
legumes
plants in the family Fabaceae that form nodules to house rhizobia. Seeds develop in a pod
88
isoflavonoids
compounds excreted by legume roots that attract free-living rhizobia
89
nod factor
chemical signal produced by rhizobia. Induces infection thread development
90
metabolism
chemical rxns performed by living organisms
91
primary metabolism
chemical rxns performed by living organisms to harvest or store energy
92
thylakoid
stacked membranes where light energy is absorbed and used to make ATP
93
stroma
liquid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids, analogous to the cytoplasm
94
thylakoid rxns
reactions that harvest light energy and use it to make ATP (aka light rxns)
95
stroma rxns
reactions that use CO2 to make glucose (aka dark rxns, light-independent rxns, calvin cycle)
96
NADH
electron carrier used in respiration
97
quench
when absorbed light energy is spent in non-harmful processes (e.g. photosynthesis)
98
carotenoids
accessory pigments in antenna complexes; help absorb light; 1st line of defense against excess light (can quench excited chlorophyll
99
free radical scavenging
2nd line of defense against excess light
100
super-oxide dismutase
enzyme that detoxifies super-oxide to oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. requires Zn and Cu to function
101
ascorbate peroxidase
enzyme that uses vitamin C (ascorbate to detoxify hydrogen peroxide)
102
DCMU
herbicide that blocks the transfer of electrons from PSII to cytochrome b6f. Binds to D1 subunit of PSII
103
paraquat
herbicide that accepts electrons from PSI and then uses them to make reactive oxygen species that damage proteins and membranes
104
carbon fixation
the biological conversion of inorganic carbon (CO2) to organic Carbon (CH2O); requires a lot of ATP and NADPH; occur in the light
105
carboxylation
attaching CO2 to a pre existing FIVE CARBON SUGAR
106
reduction
creation of 2 THREE CARBON SUGARS
107
regeneration
regeneration of FIVE CARBON starting SUGAR from 1 THREE CARBON SUGAR
