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PHA 350 - Introduction to Research Methods and Biostatistics > Exam 1 - Variables/Measures > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Variables/Measures Flashcards

1
Q

What are variables?

A

Any characteristics that can take on different values

-Height, Age, Species, Exam score

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2
Q

T/F: The independent variable impacts the dependent variable.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Which is the outcome variable?

A

Dependent variable

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4
Q

Which is the cause or results in the outcome variable?

A

Independent variable

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5
Q

T/F: Dependent variable change based on the independent variables.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

What reduces subjectivity?

A

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

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7
Q

What do variables measure?

A

Concepts and constructs

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8
Q

How are variables measured?

A

Using either a numerical value or an appropriate label

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9
Q

Which type of variable is responsible for the change in the observed phenomena?

A

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

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10
Q

T/F: Independent variables are the presumed CAUSE of the dependent variable.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What three things are necessary for Causality?

A

1) Temporal
- Variation in the independent variable came before the variation in the dependent variable

2) Association
- A significant empirical association between the independent and dependent variables

3) Nonspuriousness
- Spurious means false or not genuine
- Spurious relationships between two variables is actually due to changes in a third variable

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12
Q

Which variable is referred to as the outcome variable?

A

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

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13
Q

T/F: The dependent variable’s outcomes results from changes in the independent variables.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

T/F: In the lab, control variables are often held constant.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

T/F: Outside the lab, control variables are held constant.

A

FALSE

-Outside the lab, control variables are measured, and statistical methods adjust or control for their influence

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16
Q

What are control variables also known as?

A

Confounding or Extraneous variables

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17
Q

Name the two categorical levels of measurement.

A

1) Nominal scale

2) Ordinal scale

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18
Q

Name the two continuous levels of measurement.

A

1) Interval scale

2) Ratio scale

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19
Q

What is a NOMINAL measurement scale used for?

A

Qualitative data

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20
Q

How many levels of measurement are needed for nominal measurement scale?

A

Two or more

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21
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Labels, descriptive

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22
Q

Name 3 examples of Nominal Measurement.

A

1) Sex (M/F)
2) Smoker (Y/N)
3) Political Party

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23
Q

Define the Ordinal Measurement Scale.

A

All the properties of nominal but added more order to it

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24
Q

Which measurement scale is one in which the variables are ordered or ranked?

A

ORDINAL

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25
Q

Name 3 examples of Ordinal Measurement.

A

1) Disease severity, staging tumors
2) Income - low, medium, high
3) Likert scales - strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree, disagree

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26
Q

What example of measurement would a Likert scale be?

A

Ordinal Measurement

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27
Q

What example of measurement would being a smoker and not being a smoker be (yes/no)?

A

Nominal Measurement

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28
Q

What level of measurement uses a numerical scale with standard units?

A

INTERVAL MEASUREMENT SCALE

29
Q

T/F: There is no “true” zero in an interval measurement scale.

A

TRUE

-The zero position is arbitrary

30
Q

The temperature scale on F or C is an example of what level of measurement?

A

INTERVAL MEASUREMENT

31
Q

T/F: The interval measurement scale can represent values below zero.

A

TRUE

32
Q

Which level of measurement has an absolute zero point indicating the absence of the quantity being measured?

A

RATIO MEASUREMENT SCALE

33
Q

Can the ratio measurement have a value below zero?

A

NO

34
Q

What are some examples of ratio measurement?

A

Income, age, height, weight

35
Q

What addresses measurement errors?

A

Reliability and Validity

36
Q

_____ addresses random error.

A

RELIABILITY addresses random error.

37
Q

_____ addresses both random and systematic errors.

A

VALIDITY addresses both random and systematic errors.

38
Q

What deals with the measure’s repeatability?

A

Reliability

39
Q

What deals with the measure’s creditability?

A

Validity

40
Q

What is the term for the extent the measure is free of random error?

A

RELIABILITY

41
Q

T/F: Reproducible and accuracy are not the same thing.

A

TRUE

42
Q

T/F: Reliability is sufficient and necessary.

A

FALSE

-Reliability is necessary but not sufficient

43
Q

Is reliability accurate?

A

NO

44
Q

What does a reliability assessment do?

A

Examines the level of CONSISTENCY in the measurement

45
Q

Name the three common methods of assessing reliability.

A

1) Test-retest reliability
2) Split-half reliability
3) Inter-rater reliability

46
Q

“SIT” = ? = methods of assessing reliability

A

S - Split-half
I - Inter-rater
T - Test-retest

47
Q

What is the method of reliability assessment that occurs when you administer the same measure/test to the same people with the same procedures at two different times?

A

TEST-RETEST

48
Q

T/F: Test-retest is a good method if the true value doesn’t change.

A

TRUE

49
Q

Which reliability assessment uses equivalent measures concurrently to capture the same concept?

A

SPLIT-HALF

50
Q

What is a disadvantage of split-half reliability assessments?

A

Two very similar sets of measures must be created

51
Q

Which reliability assessment uses different people to conduct the same procedure and compares their results?

A

INTER-RATER

52
Q

When is inter-rater reliability assessment useful?

A

When subjective judgements are made

53
Q

What is the term for the degree that a measurement accurately measures what’s intended?

A

VALIDITY

54
Q

What are the basic types of validity (“FCCC won’t let me be Validity”)?

A

F - Face
C - Content
C - Criterion-related
C - Construct

55
Q

What is the most basic form of validity?

A

FACE VALIDITY

56
Q

What is a the type of validity that is a judgement-based measure of validity?

A

FACE VALIDITY

57
Q

T/F: Content validity is more systematic than Face validity.

A

TRUE

58
Q

What is the type of validity that is associated with the degree to which the measures reflect the intended domain?

A

CONTENT VALIDITY

59
Q

Which type of validity seeks input from content experts and the target population?

A

CONTENT VALIDITY

60
Q

T/F: Content validity can assess multi-item measure.

A

TRUE

61
Q

T/F: Both Face validity and Content validity are a judgement-based measure of validity.

A

TRUE

62
Q

What is the following an example of:

-Expert judges rate test items and texts according to precise list of criteria

A

Content validity

63
Q

Name the term for a measure’s ability to be predictive of a future outcome.

A

CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY

64
Q

What is included in criterion-related validity (2 types of validity)?

A

1) Predictive validity

2) Concurrent validity

65
Q

A performance test is taken during the interview process

-If this test accurately predicts how well the employee will perform on the job, then the test is said to have?

A

Criterion validity

66
Q

T/F: A construct is a trait, attribute, or quality that cannot be observed directly.

A

TRUE

67
Q

What is the validity concern with construct validity?

A

The inferences about the unobserved variables (the constructs) based on observed variables (their presumed indicators).

68
Q

Name the ways in which construct validity is assessed.

A
  • Lit reviews
  • Independent researcher and multiple studies in diverse settings
  • Establishing high correlation with other measures of the same concept or other theoretically related variables
  • Statistical techniques
69
Q

T/F: The more valid a measurement is, the more confidence we can have in the conclusion.

A

TRUE

PHA 350 - Introduction to Research Methods and Biostatistics (4 decks)

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