Exam 1 - Variables/Measures Flashcards
What are variables?
Any characteristics that can take on different values
-Height, Age, Species, Exam score
T/F: The independent variable impacts the dependent variable.
TRUE
Which is the outcome variable?
Dependent variable
Which is the cause or results in the outcome variable?
Independent variable
T/F: Dependent variable change based on the independent variables.
TRUE
What reduces subjectivity?
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
What do variables measure?
Concepts and constructs
How are variables measured?
Using either a numerical value or an appropriate label
Which type of variable is responsible for the change in the observed phenomena?
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
T/F: Independent variables are the presumed CAUSE of the dependent variable.
TRUE
What three things are necessary for Causality?
1) Temporal
- Variation in the independent variable came before the variation in the dependent variable
2) Association
- A significant empirical association between the independent and dependent variables
3) Nonspuriousness
- Spurious means false or not genuine
- Spurious relationships between two variables is actually due to changes in a third variable
Which variable is referred to as the outcome variable?
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
T/F: The dependent variable’s outcomes results from changes in the independent variables.
TRUE
T/F: In the lab, control variables are often held constant.
TRUE
T/F: Outside the lab, control variables are held constant.
FALSE
-Outside the lab, control variables are measured, and statistical methods adjust or control for their influence
What are control variables also known as?
Confounding or Extraneous variables
Name the two categorical levels of measurement.
1) Nominal scale
2) Ordinal scale
Name the two continuous levels of measurement.
1) Interval scale
2) Ratio scale
What is a NOMINAL measurement scale used for?
Qualitative data
How many levels of measurement are needed for nominal measurement scale?
Two or more
What is qualitative data?
Labels, descriptive
Name 3 examples of Nominal Measurement.
1) Sex (M/F)
2) Smoker (Y/N)
3) Political Party
Define the Ordinal Measurement Scale.
All the properties of nominal but added more order to it
Which measurement scale is one in which the variables are ordered or ranked?
ORDINAL
Name 3 examples of Ordinal Measurement.
1) Disease severity, staging tumors
2) Income - low, medium, high
3) Likert scales - strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree, disagree
What example of measurement would a Likert scale be?
Ordinal Measurement
What example of measurement would being a smoker and not being a smoker be (yes/no)?
Nominal Measurement
What level of measurement uses a numerical scale with standard units?
INTERVAL MEASUREMENT SCALE
T/F: There is no “true” zero in an interval measurement scale.
TRUE
-The zero position is arbitrary
The temperature scale on F or C is an example of what level of measurement?
INTERVAL MEASUREMENT
T/F: The interval measurement scale can represent values below zero.
TRUE
Which level of measurement has an absolute zero point indicating the absence of the quantity being measured?
RATIO MEASUREMENT SCALE
Can the ratio measurement have a value below zero?
NO
What are some examples of ratio measurement?
Income, age, height, weight
What addresses measurement errors?
Reliability and Validity
_____ addresses random error.
RELIABILITY addresses random error.
_____ addresses both random and systematic errors.
VALIDITY addresses both random and systematic errors.
What deals with the measure’s repeatability?
Reliability
What deals with the measure’s creditability?
Validity
What is the term for the extent the measure is free of random error?
RELIABILITY
T/F: Reproducible and accuracy are not the same thing.
TRUE
T/F: Reliability is sufficient and necessary.
FALSE
-Reliability is necessary but not sufficient
Is reliability accurate?
NO
What does a reliability assessment do?
Examines the level of CONSISTENCY in the measurement
Name the three common methods of assessing reliability.
1) Test-retest reliability
2) Split-half reliability
3) Inter-rater reliability
“SIT” = ? = methods of assessing reliability
S - Split-half
I - Inter-rater
T - Test-retest
What is the method of reliability assessment that occurs when you administer the same measure/test to the same people with the same procedures at two different times?
TEST-RETEST
T/F: Test-retest is a good method if the true value doesn’t change.
TRUE
Which reliability assessment uses equivalent measures concurrently to capture the same concept?
SPLIT-HALF
What is a disadvantage of split-half reliability assessments?
Two very similar sets of measures must be created
Which reliability assessment uses different people to conduct the same procedure and compares their results?
INTER-RATER
When is inter-rater reliability assessment useful?
When subjective judgements are made
What is the term for the degree that a measurement accurately measures what’s intended?
VALIDITY
What are the basic types of validity (“FCCC won’t let me be Validity”)?
F - Face
C - Content
C - Criterion-related
C - Construct
What is the most basic form of validity?
FACE VALIDITY
What is a the type of validity that is a judgement-based measure of validity?
FACE VALIDITY
T/F: Content validity is more systematic than Face validity.
TRUE
What is the type of validity that is associated with the degree to which the measures reflect the intended domain?
CONTENT VALIDITY
Which type of validity seeks input from content experts and the target population?
CONTENT VALIDITY
T/F: Content validity can assess multi-item measure.
TRUE
T/F: Both Face validity and Content validity are a judgement-based measure of validity.
TRUE
What is the following an example of:
-Expert judges rate test items and texts according to precise list of criteria
Content validity
Name the term for a measure’s ability to be predictive of a future outcome.
CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY
What is included in criterion-related validity (2 types of validity)?
1) Predictive validity
2) Concurrent validity
A performance test is taken during the interview process
-If this test accurately predicts how well the employee will perform on the job, then the test is said to have?
Criterion validity
T/F: A construct is a trait, attribute, or quality that cannot be observed directly.
TRUE
What is the validity concern with construct validity?
The inferences about the unobserved variables (the constructs) based on observed variables (their presumed indicators).
Name the ways in which construct validity is assessed.
- Lit reviews
- Independent researcher and multiple studies in diverse settings
- Establishing high correlation with other measures of the same concept or other theoretically related variables
- Statistical techniques
T/F: The more valid a measurement is, the more confidence we can have in the conclusion.
TRUE