Exam 1 - Variables/Measures

Question 1

What are variables?

Answer 1

Any characteristics that can take on different values

-Height, Age, Species, Exam score

Question 2

T/F: The independent variable impacts the dependent variable.

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

Which is the outcome variable?

Answer 3

Dependent variable

Question 4

Which is the cause or results in the outcome variable?

Answer 4

Independent variable

Question 5

T/F: Dependent variable change based on the independent variables.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

What reduces subjectivity?

Answer 6

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Question 7

What do variables measure?

Answer 7

Concepts and constructs

Question 8

How are variables measured?

Answer 8

Using either a numerical value or an appropriate label

Question 9

Which type of variable is responsible for the change in the observed phenomena?

Answer 9

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Question 10

T/F: Independent variables are the presumed CAUSE of the dependent variable.

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

What three things are necessary for Causality?

Answer 11

1) Temporal
- Variation in the independent variable came before the variation in the dependent variable

2) Association
- A significant empirical association between the independent and dependent variables

3) Nonspuriousness
- Spurious means false or not genuine
- Spurious relationships between two variables is actually due to changes in a third variable

Question 12

Which variable is referred to as the outcome variable?

Answer 12

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Question 13

T/F: The dependent variable’s outcomes results from changes in the independent variables.

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

T/F: In the lab, control variables are often held constant.

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

T/F: Outside the lab, control variables are held constant.

Answer 15

FALSE

-Outside the lab, control variables are measured, and statistical methods adjust or control for their influence

Question 16

What are control variables also known as?

Answer 16

Confounding or Extraneous variables

Question 17

Name the two categorical levels of measurement.

Answer 17

1) Nominal scale

2) Ordinal scale

Question 18

Name the two continuous levels of measurement.

Answer 18

1) Interval scale

2) Ratio scale

Question 19

What is a NOMINAL measurement scale used for?

Answer 19

Qualitative data

Question 20

How many levels of measurement are needed for nominal measurement scale?

Answer 20

Two or more

Question 21

What is qualitative data?

Answer 21

Labels, descriptive

Question 22

Name 3 examples of Nominal Measurement.

Answer 22

1) Sex (M/F)
2) Smoker (Y/N)
3) Political Party

Question 23

Define the Ordinal Measurement Scale.

Answer 23

All the properties of nominal but added more order to it

Question 24

Which measurement scale is one in which the variables are ordered or ranked?

Answer 24

ORDINAL

Question 25

Name 3 examples of Ordinal Measurement.

Answer 25

1) Disease severity, staging tumors 2) Income - low, medium, high 3) Likert scales - strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree, disagree

Question 26

What example of measurement would a Likert scale be?

Answer 26

Ordinal Measurement

Question 27

What example of measurement would being a smoker and not being a smoker be (yes/no)?

Answer 27

Nominal Measurement

Question 28

What level of measurement uses a numerical scale with standard units?

Answer 28

INTERVAL MEASUREMENT SCALE

Question 29

T/F: There is no "true" zero in an interval measurement scale.

Answer 29

TRUE | -The zero position is arbitrary

Question 30

The temperature scale on F or C is an example of what level of measurement?

Answer 30

INTERVAL MEASUREMENT

Question 31

T/F: The interval measurement scale can represent values below zero.

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

Which level of measurement has an absolute zero point indicating the absence of the quantity being measured?

Answer 32

RATIO MEASUREMENT SCALE

Question 33

Can the ratio measurement have a value below zero?

Answer 33

NO

Question 34

What are some examples of ratio measurement?

Answer 34

Income, age, height, weight

Question 35

What addresses measurement errors?

Answer 35

Reliability and Validity

Question 36

_____ addresses random error.

Answer 36

RELIABILITY addresses random error.

Question 37

_____ addresses both random and systematic errors.

Answer 37

VALIDITY addresses both random and systematic errors.

Question 38

What deals with the measure's repeatability?

Answer 38

Reliability

Question 39

What deals with the measure's creditability?

Answer 39

Validity

Question 40

What is the term for the extent the measure is free of random error?

Answer 40

RELIABILITY

Question 41

T/F: Reproducible and accuracy are not the same thing.

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

T/F: Reliability is sufficient and necessary.

Answer 42

FALSE | -Reliability is necessary but not sufficient

Question 43

Is reliability accurate?

Answer 43

NO

Question 44

What does a reliability assessment do?

Answer 44

Examines the level of CONSISTENCY in the measurement

Question 45

Name the three common methods of assessing reliability.

Answer 45

1) Test-retest reliability 2) Split-half reliability 3) Inter-rater reliability

Question 46

"SIT" = ? = methods of assessing reliability

Answer 46

S - Split-half I - Inter-rater T - Test-retest

Question 47

What is the method of reliability assessment that occurs when you administer the same measure/test to the same people with the same procedures at two different times?

Answer 47

TEST-RETEST

Question 48

T/F: Test-retest is a good method if the true value doesn't change.

Answer 48

TRUE

Question 49

Which reliability assessment uses equivalent measures concurrently to capture the same concept?

Answer 49

SPLIT-HALF

Question 50

What is a disadvantage of split-half reliability assessments?

Answer 50

Two very similar sets of measures must be created

Question 51

Which reliability assessment uses different people to conduct the same procedure and compares their results?

Answer 51

INTER-RATER

Question 52

When is inter-rater reliability assessment useful?

Answer 52

When subjective judgements are made

Question 53

What is the term for the degree that a measurement accurately measures what's intended?

Answer 53

VALIDITY

Question 54

What are the basic types of validity ("FCCC won't let me be Validity")?

Answer 54

F - Face C - Content C - Criterion-related C - Construct

Question 55

What is the most basic form of validity?

Answer 55

FACE VALIDITY

Question 56

What is a the type of validity that is a judgement-based measure of validity?

Answer 56

FACE VALIDITY

Question 57

T/F: Content validity is more systematic than Face validity.

Answer 57

TRUE

Question 58

What is the type of validity that is associated with the degree to which the measures reflect the intended domain?

Answer 58

CONTENT VALIDITY

Question 59

Which type of validity seeks input from content experts and the target population?

Answer 59

CONTENT VALIDITY

Question 60

T/F: Content validity can assess multi-item measure.

Answer 60

TRUE

Question 61

T/F: Both Face validity and Content validity are a judgement-based measure of validity.

Answer 61

TRUE

Question 62

What is the following an example of: | -Expert judges rate test items and texts according to precise list of criteria

Answer 62

Content validity

Question 63

Name the term for a measure's ability to be predictive of a future outcome.

Answer 63

CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY

Question 64

What is included in criterion-related validity (2 types of validity)?

Answer 64

1) Predictive validity | 2) Concurrent validity

Question 65

A performance test is taken during the interview process | -If this test accurately predicts how well the employee will perform on the job, then the test is said to have?

Answer 65

Criterion validity

Question 66

T/F: A construct is a trait, attribute, or quality that cannot be observed directly.

Answer 66

TRUE

Question 67

What is the validity concern with construct validity?

Answer 67

The inferences about the unobserved variables (the constructs) based on observed variables (their presumed indicators).

Question 68

Name the ways in which construct validity is assessed.

Answer 68

- Lit reviews - Independent researcher and multiple studies in diverse settings - Establishing high correlation with other measures of the same concept or other theoretically related variables - Statistical techniques

Question 69

T/F: The more valid a measurement is, the more confidence we can have in the conclusion.

Answer 69

TRUE