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PHA 350 - Introduction to Research Methods and Biostatistics > Exam 1 - Pharmaceutical Health Services and Research > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Pharmaceutical Health Services and Research Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sources of “knowing” or sources of knowledge in research?

A
  • Tradition
  • Authority
  • Religion
  • Reason
  • Common sense
  • Science
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2
Q

T/F: Life and circumstance can effect REASON.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

T/F: Research is designed to be unbiased and subjective.

A

FALSE

-Research is designed to be unbiased and OBJECTIVE

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4
Q

Describe the difference between subjective and objective in terms of research.

A
  • Subjective = qualitative (descriptive)

- Objective = quantitative (i.e. how tall are you, BP measurements, scores on an exam, etc.)

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5
Q

Research is intended to be _____ and objective.

A

Research is intended to be UNBIASED and objective.

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6
Q

Name the 6 characteristics of research.

A

1) Controlled - accounts or adjusts for other factors
2) Rigorous - relevant, appropriate, and justified
3) Systematic - process not haphazard
4) Valid - findings are correct and verifiable
5) Empirical - based on evidence
6) Critical - process must withstand scrutiny

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7
Q

Characteristics of research acronym = “CVS REC” = ?

A

C - Controlled
V - Valid
S - Systematic

R - Rigorous
E - Empirical
C - Critical

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8
Q

What does it mean when research is empirical?

A

That it is based on evidence

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9
Q

What does it mean when research is controlled?

A

That it accounts for or adjusts for other factors

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10
Q

What does it mean when research is rigorous?

A

That it is relevant, appropriate, and justified

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11
Q

What is the term for a method that consists of systematic observation, measurement, experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypothesis?

A

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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12
Q

What is the term for an orderly process of investigation?

A

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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13
Q

What four things does the scientific method involve?

A

1) Observations
2) Hypothesis
3) Experiments
4) Theory

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14
Q

_____ evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation.

A

EMPIRICAL evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation.

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15
Q

What is the most important characteristic of scientific inquiry?

A

Empirical evidence

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16
Q

T/F: Empirical evidence is the only means which is used to CREATE, MODIFY, or CORROBORATE theories.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What is the “Gold Standard” in research?

A

Empirical evidence

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18
Q

Give an example of when empirical evidence is important.

A

Drug trials

-Drug doesn’t come to market without empirical evidence

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19
Q

Empirical evidence is information acquired by _____ and _____.

A

Empirical evidence is information acquired by OBSERVATION or EXPERIMENTATION.

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20
Q

T/F: Non-empirical means it cannot and should not be used to produce scientific knowledge.

A

TRUE

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21
Q

What is focus on in empirical research?

A

In empirical research, the focus is on PROBLEMS and ISSUES that can be OBSERVED

22
Q

T/F: Scientific inquiry cannot directly settle debates on values or beliefs.

A

TRUE

23
Q

Causal observations compared to rigorous or scientific analysis refers to what?

A

Anecdotal Evidence

24
Q

What is anecdotal evidence?

A

A factual claim relying only on personal observation, collected in a casual or non-systematic manner
-i.e. Weight loss pills, Anti-aging products, etc.

25
Q

What is the term that is non-scientifically documented information passed along by word-of-mouth?

A

ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE

26
Q

What are the following examples of:

  • Experience of a person with an illness
  • Experience of a practitioner based on one or more patients outside a formal research study
A

Anecdotal Evidence

-Evidence from individual experience

27
Q

T/F: Anecdotal evidence occurs in a controlled environment.

A

FALSE

-Anecdotal evidence occurs outside of a controlled environment

28
Q

What should a research problem include?

A
  • An area of concern
  • A condition to be improved upon
  • A difficulty to be eliminated
  • A question that exists in literature, theory, or practice
  • Compelling
29
Q

What is a research problem not?

A
  • Vague propositions
  • Value questions
  • Statements of how to do something
30
Q

T/F: Good research problems do not ask “why.”

A

TRUE

31
Q

Which type of question should research problems ask instead of “why” questions?

A

HOW questions

32
Q

What is one common source for research topics?

A

The workplace

33
Q

What 6 characteristics must there be for a research problem to reasonable and researchable?

A

1) A rationale
2) Significance
3) Variables that can be studied
4) Necessary resources
5) Subjects
6) Do-able

34
Q

What four P’s does most research revolve around?

A

1) People
2) Problems
3) Programs
4) Phenomena

35
Q

What is the purpose of the objectives and goals of a research problem?

A

Inform the reader of the study’s intent

36
Q

When are operational definitions needed?

A

When concepts do not have clear definitions

37
Q

What is the point of operational definitions?

A

To define how you are going to measure a variable

38
Q

T/F: The more subjective the variable, the more it needs to be operationally defined.

A

TRUE

39
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hunch or best guess of what is expected

-Assumption, suspicion, assertion, idea

40
Q

What is a hypothesis based on?

A

A set of assumptions

41
Q

Name the term that defines the process of specifying and refining abstract concepts into concrete terms.

A

Hypothesis

42
Q

_____ is a statement regarding the relationship between at least two variables.

A

HYPOTHESIS is a statement regarding the relationship between at least two variables.

43
Q

T/F: A hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts a certain outcome.

A

TRUE

44
Q

Name the term that defines the overall direction or reason for the research.

A

PURPOSE STATEMENT

45
Q

A hypothesis is a _______ statement.

A

A hypothesis is a DECLARATIVE statement.

46
Q

T/F: A hypothesis does not determine the design of the study.

A

FALSE

-A hypothesis determines the design of the study

47
Q

Hypotheses state the expected, but ______ relationship between the variable under study.

A

Hypotheses state the expected, but UNCONFIRMED relationship between the variables under study.

48
Q

What do higher levels of specification lead to?

A

Less general findings

49
Q

What determines how we measure the constructs?

A

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

50
Q

What bridges between constructs and observations?

A

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

51
Q

Name the two types of hypotheses.

A

1) Null

2) Alternative

PHA 350 - Introduction to Research Methods and Biostatistics (4 decks)

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