Exam 1 - Pharmaceutical Health Services and Research

Question 1

What are the sources of “knowing” or sources of knowledge in research?

Answer 1

• Tradition
• Authority
• Religion
• Reason
• Common sense
• Science

Question 2

T/F: Life and circumstance can effect REASON.

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

T/F: Research is designed to be unbiased and subjective.

Answer 3

FALSE

-Research is designed to be unbiased and OBJECTIVE

Question 4

Describe the difference between subjective and objective in terms of research.

Answer 4

• Subjective = qualitative (descriptive)

- Objective = quantitative (i.e. how tall are you, BP measurements, scores on an exam, etc.)

Question 5

Research is intended to be _____ and objective.

Answer 5

Research is intended to be UNBIASED and objective.

Question 6

Name the 6 characteristics of research.

Answer 6

1) Controlled - accounts or adjusts for other factors
2) Rigorous - relevant, appropriate, and justified
3) Systematic - process not haphazard
4) Valid - findings are correct and verifiable
5) Empirical - based on evidence
6) Critical - process must withstand scrutiny

Question 7

Characteristics of research acronym = “CVS REC” = ?

Answer 7

C - Controlled
V - Valid
S - Systematic

R - Rigorous
E - Empirical
C - Critical

Question 8

What does it mean when research is empirical?

Answer 8

That it is based on evidence

Question 9

What does it mean when research is controlled?

Answer 9

That it accounts for or adjusts for other factors

Question 10

What does it mean when research is rigorous?

Answer 10

That it is relevant, appropriate, and justified

Question 11

What is the term for a method that consists of systematic observation, measurement, experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypothesis?

Answer 11

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Question 12

What is the term for an orderly process of investigation?

Answer 12

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Question 13

What four things does the scientific method involve?

Answer 13

1) Observations
2) Hypothesis
3) Experiments
4) Theory

Question 14

_____ evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation.

Answer 14

EMPIRICAL evidence is information acquired by observation or experimentation.

Question 15

What is the most important characteristic of scientific inquiry?

Answer 15

Empirical evidence

Question 16

T/F: Empirical evidence is the only means which is used to CREATE, MODIFY, or CORROBORATE theories.

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

What is the “Gold Standard” in research?

Answer 17

Empirical evidence

Question 18

Give an example of when empirical evidence is important.

Answer 18

Drug trials

-Drug doesn’t come to market without empirical evidence

Question 19

Empirical evidence is information acquired by _____ and _____.

Answer 19

Empirical evidence is information acquired by OBSERVATION or EXPERIMENTATION.

Question 20

T/F: Non-empirical means it cannot and should not be used to produce scientific knowledge.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

What is focus on in empirical research?

Answer 21

In empirical research, the focus is on PROBLEMS and ISSUES that can be OBSERVED

Question 22

T/F: Scientific inquiry cannot directly settle debates on values or beliefs.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

Causal observations compared to rigorous or scientific analysis refers to what?

Answer 23

Anecdotal Evidence

Question 24

What is anecdotal evidence?

Answer 24

A factual claim relying only on personal observation, collected in a casual or non-systematic manner
-i.e. Weight loss pills, Anti-aging products, etc.

Question 25

What is the term that is non-scientifically documented information passed along by word-of-mouth?

Answer 25

ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE

Question 26

What are the following examples of: - Experience of a person with an illness - Experience of a practitioner based on one or more patients outside a formal research study

Answer 26

Anecdotal Evidence | -Evidence from individual experience

Question 27

T/F: Anecdotal evidence occurs in a controlled environment.

Answer 27

FALSE | -Anecdotal evidence occurs outside of a controlled environment

Question 28

What should a research problem include?

Answer 28

- An area of concern - A condition to be improved upon - A difficulty to be eliminated - A question that exists in literature, theory, or practice - Compelling

Question 29

What is a research problem not?

Answer 29

- Vague propositions - Value questions - Statements of how to do something

Question 30

T/F: Good research problems do not ask "why."

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

Which type of question should research problems ask instead of "why" questions?

Answer 31

HOW questions

Question 32

What is one common source for research topics?

Answer 32

The workplace

Question 33

What 6 characteristics must there be for a research problem to reasonable and researchable?

Answer 33

1) A rationale 2) Significance 3) Variables that can be studied 4) Necessary resources 5) Subjects 6) Do-able

Question 34

What four P's does most research revolve around?

Answer 34

1) People 2) Problems 3) Programs 4) Phenomena

Question 35

What is the purpose of the objectives and goals of a research problem?

Answer 35

Inform the reader of the study's intent

Question 36

When are operational definitions needed?

Answer 36

When concepts do not have clear definitions

Question 37

What is the point of operational definitions?

Answer 37

To define how you are going to measure a variable

Question 38

T/F: The more subjective the variable, the more it needs to be operationally defined.

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 39

A hunch or best guess of what is expected | -Assumption, suspicion, assertion, idea

Question 40

What is a hypothesis based on?

Answer 40

A set of assumptions

Question 41

Name the term that defines the process of specifying and refining abstract concepts into concrete terms.

Answer 41

Hypothesis

Question 42

_____ is a statement regarding the relationship between at least two variables.

Answer 42

HYPOTHESIS is a statement regarding the relationship between at least two variables.

Question 43

T/F: A hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts a certain outcome.

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

Name the term that defines the overall direction or reason for the research.

Answer 44

PURPOSE STATEMENT

Question 45

A hypothesis is a _______ statement.

Answer 45

A hypothesis is a DECLARATIVE statement.

Question 46

T/F: A hypothesis does not determine the design of the study.

Answer 46

FALSE | -A hypothesis determines the design of the study

Question 47

Hypotheses state the expected, but ______ relationship between the variable under study.

Answer 47

Hypotheses state the expected, but UNCONFIRMED relationship between the variables under study.

Question 48

What do higher levels of specification lead to?

Answer 48

Less general findings

Question 49

What determines how we measure the constructs?

Answer 49

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Question 50

What bridges between constructs and observations?

Answer 50

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Question 51

Name the two types of hypotheses.

Answer 51

1) Null | 2) Alternative