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PHA 350 - Introduction to Research Methods and Biostatistics > Exam 1 - Sampling > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Sampling Flashcards

1
Q

Name the term for obtaining information at acceptable costs.

A

EFFICIENCY

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2
Q

Name the term for minimizing sampling error or the difference between sample estimates and population parameters.

A

ACCURACY

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3
Q

What does IRB stand for?

A

Institutional Review Board

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4
Q

Name the three functions of an IRB?

A

1) Safety of subject
2) Risk/benefit
3) F/U, communication

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5
Q

Who can be on an Institutional Review Board?

A

Experts, researchers, community representatives

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6
Q

_______ is the target to which investigators generate study results.

A

POPULATION is the target to which investigators generate study results.

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7
Q

____ ___ ____ is the object being studied.

A

UNIT OF ANALYSIS is the object being studied.

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8
Q

What are some examples of a unit of analysis?

A

Individual patients, groups, clinics

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9
Q

What is the source of population that is used for the sample?

A

SAMPLING FRAME

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10
Q

What is the term for a population characteristic?

A

PARAMETER

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11
Q

What is the term for a sample characteristic?

A

STATISTIC

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12
Q

____ ____ is the source of population that is used for the sample.

A

SAMPLING FRAME is the source of population that is used for the sample.

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13
Q

Name the 2 types of sampling design.

A

1) Probability sampling

2) Non-probability sampling

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14
Q

Which type of sampling design is unbiased?

A

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

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15
Q

T/F: Non-probability sampling is biased sampling.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Which type of sampling design do all the sampling units have a known, non-zero probability of being selected?

A

Probability sampling

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17
Q

Which type of sampling design is the probability of selecting a sample unit not known?

A

Non-probability sampling

18
Q

____ ____ uses random procedures that are not haphazard or arbitrary.

A

PROBABILITY SAMPLING uses random procedures that are not haphazard or arbitrary.

19
Q

Does random sampling guarantee a representative sample?

A

NO

20
Q

Will non-probability sampling represent the population of interest?

A

MAY OR MAY NOT

21
Q

What is the major concern of non-probability sampling?

A

Selection bias is not controlled

22
Q

Name four reasons why we would use non-probability samples?

A

1) More convenient
2) Less expensive
3) Less time consuming
4) Useful when probability sampling can not be used

23
Q

Name the four different types of probability sampling.

A

S - Simple random
S - Systemic
S - Stratified
C - Cluster

24
Q

What term describes that every unit in the population has an equal probability of being included in the sample?

A

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

25
Q

When is Simple Random Sampling done?

A

When the population is homogeneous

26
Q

Which type of probability sampling occurs when every unit in the population has an equal probability of being included in the sample?

A

Simple random sampling

27
Q

What do the following describe:

  • Define the population of interest
  • Assign a number from 1 to N
  • Decide the desired sample size (n)
  • Select n random numbers between 1 and N
  • Collect and analyze the data
A

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

28
Q

Which type of probability sampling selects every Kth unit after a random start?

A

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

29
Q

Which type of probability sampling exhibits periodic bias?

A

Systematic Sampling

30
Q

Which type of probability sampling occurs when the population is divided into non-overlapping groups or categories (strata)?

A

STRATIFIED SAMPLING

31
Q

T/F: Stratified sampling uses simple random samples for each strata.

A

TRUE

32
Q

Name the 2 types of stratified sampling.

A

1) Proportional

2) Disproportional

33
Q

Name the four types of non-probability sampling.

A

1) Convenience
2) Purposive
3) Snowball
4) Quota

34
Q

What does convenience sampling rely on?

A

Available subjects

35
Q

Who can be apart of convenience sampling?

A

People met on the street, volunteers, captive audiences

36
Q

T/F: Convenience sampling is not generally representative of the population.

A

TRUE

37
Q

Which type of sampling specifies desired characteristics and selects for a sample appropriate ratios of the population that fit the characteristics?

A

QUOTA SAMPLING

38
Q

T/F: Quota sampling is similar to stratified sampling.

A

TRUE

39
Q

Snowball sampling = ?

A

REFERRAL

40
Q

When is snowball/referral sampling useful?

A

When populations are difficult to identify or access

41
Q

When purposive sampling utilized?

A

When the sample size is small and simple random sampling may not represent the most representative elements

42
Q

Who selects elements in purposive sampling?

A

Experts

PHA 350 - Introduction to Research Methods and Biostatistics (4 decks)

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