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Kine 374 > Exam 1: The Spine > Flashcards

Exam 1: The Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Principles of Functional Anatomy (7)

A
  1. The Language of Movement
  2. Joint Structure
  3. Line of Pull
  4. Balance of Directional Forces
  5. Muscle Roles
  6. Leverage
  7. Synthesis
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2
Q

Joints classified by Tissue Type (3)

A

Fibrous - Connected with dense connective tissue (cranial, sutures, tibiofibular)

Cartilaginous - Joined by cartilage (1st sternocostal join, IV joints, epiphyses of long bones)

Synovial - Not directly joined; shared synovial cavity & articular capsule (most joints in the body)

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2
Q

Cardinal Planes (3)

A

Sagittal - Vertical, passes front-to-back

Frontal (Coronal) - Vertical, passes side-to-side

Transverse - Horizontal, divides the body into upper and lower portions

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2
Q

Joints classified by the Amount of Movement (3)

A

Synarthrosis - No movement (i.e. sutures)

Amphiarthrosis - Slight movement (i.e. symphyses, IV disks, & combination joints)

Diarthrosis - Freely moveable (i.e. synovial joints)

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3
Q

Gliding Joint

A

Between two flat surfaces
Allows the least amount of movement of all synovial joints

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4
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Sphere shape of one surface fits into the concave shape of another
Capable of movement in all planes

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5
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

Convex, oval-shaped end of one bone articulates with the basin-shaped end of another bone
Capable of movement in the sagittal and frontal planes (cannot rotate)

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6
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Concave and convex contours on each bone
Capable of sagittal and frontal plane movement plus circumduction

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7
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Convex shape of one bone sits in the concave shape of another
Allows movement in the sagittal plane only

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8
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Allows one bone to rotate around another
Allows movement in the transverse plane

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9
Q

Summation

A

When action potentials occur very frequently, muscle twitches merge and the force production becomes additive

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10
Q

Synchronization

A

Action potentials occur simultaneously in multiple motor units at the same time

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11
Q

Length-Tension Relationship

A

The maximal force produced is greatest at a muscle’s optimal length (usually perpendicular to the bone it is moving)

Less force is produced when the muscle is too short

Even less is produced when the muscle is too long (fully stretched hamstring curls are harder)

Total Tension = Active + Passive Force

Passive Force is the tension caused by elastic elements of muscles

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12
Q

Force-Velocity Relationship

A

As the velocity of a concentric contraction increases, the force that a muscle can exert decreases

As the velocity of an eccentric contraction increases, the force of a muscle also increases

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13
Q

Active Insufficiency

A

When shortened across multiple joints, a muscle fails to produce optimal force

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14
Q

Passive Insufficiency

A

When lengthened across multiple joints, passive tension in the muscle prevent the simultaneous expression of full range of motion at all joints

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15
Q

C1

A

“Atlas” - Large Vertebral Foramen with a facet for the dens as well as an extremely small spinous process

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16
Q

C2

A

“Axis” - Articular prominence “dens” that articulates with C1 and a small spinous process

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17
Q

C7

A

“Vertebra Prominenes” - Longer spinous process, usually not forked

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18
Q

C3-6

A

Normal vertebrae with forked spinous processes

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19
Q

Attaches to the sternum, outer 1/3 of the clavicle, and the mastoid process of the cranium

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Contralateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Upper Cervical Neck Extension & Mid-Lower Cervical Flexion

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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20
Q

Comprised of the Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis muscles

Attaches to a large portion of the posterior trunk

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Ipsilateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Spinal Extension

A

Erector Spinae

21
Q

One of the Deep Cervical Neck Flexors

Primarily Innervated by C1 & C2

Secondary Innervation by C3

Attaches superiorly to the anterior occiput of the skull and inferiorly to the Anterior-Lateral Aspect (Transverse Processes) of C3-6

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Ipsilateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Upper Cervical Flexion

A

Longus Capitis

22
Q

A Deep Cervical Neck Flexor

Attaches superiorly to the anterior aspect of C2-6 vertebral bodies and inferiorly to the anterior aspect of C3-T3 at the transverse processes

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending

Bilateral Contraction: Upper Cervical Flexion

A

Longus Colli

23
Q

One of the Tiny Back Muscles

Attaches between adjacent spinous processes in the Cervical and Lumbar regions

Unilateral Contraction: Negligible Action

Bilateral Contraction: Spine Extension

A

Interspinalis

24
Q

One of the Tiny Back Muscles

Attaches between adjacent transverse processes in the Cervical and Lumbar regions

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending

Bilateral Contraction: Negligible Action

A

Intertransversarii

25
Q

One of the Tiny Back Muscles

Attaches to the transverse process of one vertebrae and the spinous process of a vertebrae 2-4 levels higher

Found in Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar regions

Unilateral Contraction: Contralateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Extension

A

Multifidus

26
Q

One of the Tiny Back Muscles

Attaches to the transverse process of one vertebrae and the spinous process of a vertebrae 1 level higher

Found in the C, T, & L regions

Unilateral Contraction: Contralateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Extension

A

Rotatores

27
Q

3 Muscle Bellies (Anterior, Middle, & Posterior)

Anterior Belly: Superiorly attaches to the transverse processes of C3-6. Inferiorly attaches to the tubercle of the inner border of the first rib and the upper surface of the rib in front of the subclavian groove

Middle Belly: Superiorly attaches the transverse processes of C2-7. Inferiorly attaches to the upper face of the first rib

Posterior Belly: Superiorly attaches to the transverse processes of C5-7. Inferiorly attaches to the second rib

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending

Bilateral Contraction: Neck Flexion

A

Scalenes

28
Q

Superiorly attaches to the mastoid processes. Inferiorly attaches to the nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T3.

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Ipsilateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

A

Splenius Capitis

29
Q

Superiorly attaches to the transverse processes of C1-4. Inferiorly attaches to the spinous processes of T3-6.

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending

Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

A

Splenius Cervicis

30
Q

Superiorly attaches to the occipital protuberance of the skull. Inferiorly attaches to the posterior lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, the medial margin of the acromion, and the superior crest of the scapular spine.

Primarily Innervated by C3

Secondary Innervation by C4 and Cranial Nerve XI

Unilateral Contraction: Contralateral Cervical Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending

Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

A

Upper Trapezius

31
Q

Superiorly Attaches to the transverse processes of C1-4. Inferiorly attaches to the medial border of the scapula.

Primarily Innervated by C4

Secondary Innervation by C3 and C5

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending

Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

A

Levator Scapula

32
Q

Superiorly attaches to the articular processes of C4-7. Inferiorly attaches to the transverse processes of T1-6.

Unilateral Contraction: Contralateral Rotation & Ipsilateral Side Bending

Bilateral Contraction: Cervical Extension

A

Semispinalis

33
Q

Neck Protraction Muscles

A

Mostly passive due to gravity. Sternocleidomastoid produces upper cervical extension and mid-lower cervical flexion

34
Q

Neck Retraction Muscles

A

Upper Cervical Flexors: Longus Capitis

Lower Cervical Extensors: Splenius Cervicis, Erector Spinae, Levator Scapulae, Semispinalis

35
Q

Thoracic Osteology

A

Downward angled spinous processes

Larger discs when moving inferiorly

T1 is similar in size/morphology to C7

36
Q

Types of Ribs (3)

A

True Ribs: 7 pairs, directly attached to the sternum

False Ribs: 3 pairs, not directly attached to the sternum, connected via costal cartilages

Floating Ribs: 2 pairs, no attachment to the sternum

37
Q

Superficial Abdominals

Attachments to Ribs 5-12, Linea Alba, & the Anterior Iliac Crest

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Contralateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Trunk Flexion, Abdominal Compression, Stabilization

A

External Oblique

38
Q

Intermediate Abdominals

Attachments to the Pubic Symphysis, Cartilage of Ribs 5-7, Xyphoid Process of the Sternum

Unilateral Contraction: None

Bilateral Contraction: Trunk Flexion, Abdominal Compression, Stabilization

A

Rectus Abdominis

39
Q

Intermediate Abdominals

Attachments to the Thoracolumbar Fascia, Iliac Crest, Anterior Superior Iliac Crest, Linea Alba, & Inferior Ribs

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Side Bending & Ipsilateral Rotation

Bilateral Contraction: Trunk Flexion, Abdominal Compression, Stabilization

A

Internal Obliques

40
Q

Deep Abdominals

Attachments to the Inner rim of the Iliac Crest, Ribs 7-12, Anterior Superior Iliac Spine, Linea Alba, Pubic Bone

Unilateral Contraction: None

Bilateral Contraction: Abdominal Compression, Stabilization

A

Transversus Abdominis

41
Q

Attachments to the Sternal, Costal, and Lumbar sections of the ribcage as well as to the Central Tendon

Innervated by C3, 4, & 5 via the Phrenic Nerve

Contraction: Inspiration via “doming,” increases dimensions of the lung cavity

A

Diaphragm

42
Q

Attachments to the inferior surface of the proximal ribs & the superior surface of the distal ribs

Contraction: Inspiration

A

External Intercostals

43
Q

Agonists of Quiet Breathing Inspiration

A

Diaphragm & External Intercostals

44
Q

Agonists of Quiet Breathing Expiration

A

Little to no muscle effort

45
Q

Agonists of Forced Breathing Inspiration

A

Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, & ANY muscle with attachments to the ribs

46
Q

Agonists of Forced Breathing Expiration

A

Internal Intercostals, Abdominals (Rectus, External & Internal Obliques, Transversus)

47
Q

Attachments to the Posterior Iliac Crest, Lateral Aspect of L1-4, and the Inferior 12th Rib

Unilateral Contraction: Ipsilateral Lumbar Side bending if the pelvis is fixed, Contralateral Lateral Pelvic Rotation is the pelvis is mobile

Bilateral Contraction: Weak Lumbar Extension

A

Quadratus Lumborum

48
Q

Ipsilateral Side Benders

A

Upper Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Levator Scapula
Scalenes
Longus Capitis
Splenius Capitis
Semispinalis
Splenius Cervicis
Longus Colli
Erector Spinae
Intertransversarii

49
Q

Ipsilateral Rotators

A

Longus Capitis
Longus Colli
Levator Scapula
Splenius Capitis
Splenius Cervicis
Erector Spinae

50
Q

Contralateral Rotators

A

Semispinalis
Rotatores
Multifidus
Upper Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid

51
Q

Spine Flexors

A

Scalenes
Longus Capitis
Longus Colli
Sternocleidomastoid - Low-Mid Cervical Flexion

52
Q

Spine Extensors

A

Upper Trapezius
Levator Scapula
Splenius Capitis
Splenius Cervicis
Erector Spinae
Rotatores
Multifidus
Semispinalis
Interspinalis
Sternocleidomastoid - Upper (Atlantooccipital) Cervical Extension

Kine 374 (3 decks)

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