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Biomechanics > Exam 1: The Musculoskeletal System - Skeletal > Flashcards

Exam 1: The Musculoskeletal System - Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

The Body as a Machine

  • Software (OS)
  • The Mind
  • Shaped by e.g., pop culture (v 2.0)
  • Influenced DNA and environment
  • Repetition, downloads, memory
  • Hardware
  • Hard drive (____)
  • Wiring and tubing (CNS, PNS)
  • Bands/pulleys (_______)
  • Levers (_____)
  • Fulcrum points (____)
A

brain

muscles

bones

joints

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2
Q

The Body as a Structure

  • _______ bone
  • Hard outer shell.
  • _______ bone
  • Crisscrossed honeycombed structure.
A

Cortical bone

Trabecular bone

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3
Q

The Body as a Structure

*The combination of _______ and _______ bone make our skeletons, strong, light, flexible and efficient.

A

cortical and trabecular

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4
Q

*So when you jump onto a plyo box or run a 5k, it’s the ________ bracing that directs the force to the strongest part of your skeleton (______) and prevents a bone from breaking.

A

trabecular

cortical

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5
Q
  • ______ Law
  • States that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.
  • If loading on a particular bone increases, the bone will remodel itself over time to become _______ to resist that sort of loading.
A

Wolf’s Law

stronger

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6
Q

Wolf’s Law

  • Adaptive Changes
  • The internal architecture of ________ bone undergoes adaptive changes first.
  • Secondary changes occur to _______ bone, becoming thicker.
A

trabecular

cortical

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7
Q

Musculoskeletal Framework

  • An arrangement of bones, joints, and muscles, tendons and ligaments.
  • Acts as a ‘_____ system’ allowing for a great number of coordinated movements.
  • An anatomical lever is a bone that engages in ________ when _____ is applied to it.
  • The force is from a muscle attached to the bone or an external force (gravity or weight).
A

lever

movement

force

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8
Q

Muscles can apply force only by _______.

A

shortening

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9
Q

The Bones

*The human skeleton is comprised of ____ bones.

A

206

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10
Q

The Bones

  • The human skeleton is comprised of 206 bones, but only ____ engage in voluntary movement.
  • Bones are dense, semi-rigid, porous, calcified connective tissue that forms the major portion of the skeleton.
  • It consists of a dense organic matrix and an inorganic, mineral component.
A

177

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11
Q

The Bones

*Skeleton: provides support, muscle attachment, and protection

  • ____ Skeleton:
  • Skull, spinal column, sternum and ribs.
  • _________ Skeleton:
  • Upper and lower extremities.
A

Axial

Appendicular

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12
Q

Bones of the Upper Extremity

  • Scapula
  • Clavicle
  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalange
A

Yuh

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13
Q

Bones of the Lower Extremity

  • Pelvis
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
A

Yuh

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14
Q

Types of Bones

  • _____: shaft or body with a medullary canal (marrow, stem cells, blood cells and platelets), and relatively broad, knobby ends.
  • Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, and radius
A

Long

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15
Q

Types of Bones

  • _____: relatively small, chunky, solid.
  • Carpals and tarsals
A

Short

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16
Q

Types of Bones

  • ____: flat and plate like.
  • Sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvis, and patella
A

Flat

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17
Q

Types of Bones

  • _______: bones of spinal column.
  • Vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx.
A

Irregular

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18
Q

Mechanical Axis of a Bone

  • A straight line that connects the ________ of the joint at one end of a bone with the ________ of the joint at the other end.
  • The axis may lie outside the shaft or diaphysis (midsection of long bone).

*_________ (rounded end of long bone).

A

midpoint, midpoint

Epiphysis

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19
Q

The Kinetic Chain

*Structure and function of joints are so interrelated that it is difficult to discuss them separately.

  • The Kinetic Chain
  • A series of overlapping segments linked via interlocking joints.
  • Movement of one joint affects the movement of other joints within the kinetic chain.
  • Movements occurring within these segments present as two primary types— ____ and ______.
A

open and closed

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20
Q

The Kinetic Chain

  • _____ chain.
  • The bar can move, you can throw it, not fixed to the ground.
  • Bicep curl, bench press, leg extensions, leg curls, etc.
  • _______ chain.
  • Fixed to the ground.
  • The body moves, limbs stay fixed.
  • Pull-ups, deadlift, squat, lunges, pushup
A

Open

Closed

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21
Q

Articulations

-The configuration of the bones that form an articulation (fixed or movable point between joints), together with the reinforcing ________, determine and limit the movements of the joint.

A

ligaments

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22
Q

Joints - Structural Classification

  • Based on presence or absence of a joint ______:
  • Diarthrosis or Synarthrosis

*Further classified either by shape or nature of the tissues that connect the bones.

A

cavity

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23
Q

Diarthrosis Characteristics

Diarthrosis: Any of several types of bone articulation permitting free motion in a joint, as that of the shoulder or hip.

  • Articular cavity
  • Ligamentous capsule
  • Synovial membrane
  • Surfaces are smooth
  • Surfaces covered with cartilage
A

Yuh

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24
Q

Diarthrosis Classification

There are 6 types of diarthrosis joints:

1) Irregular/Plane joint = irregular surfaces; permits gliding movements.
2) Hinge joint – convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/extension.
3) Pivot joint – peg-like pivot; permits rotation.
4) Condyloid joint – oval or egg-shape convex surface fits into reciprocal concave surface; permits circumduction.
5) Saddle joint – modification of condyloid; permits circumduction.
6) Ball and Socket – head of one bone fits into the cup of another bone.

A

Know it.

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25
Q

_______/_____ joint = irregular surfaces; permits gliding movements.

A

Irregular/Plane joint

26
Q

_____ joint = convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/extension.

A

Hinge joint

27
Q

_____ joint = peg-like pivot; permits rotation.

A

Pivot joint

28
Q

________ joint – oval or egg-shape convex surface fits into reciprocal concave surface; permits circumduction.

A

Condyloid

29
Q

______ joint – modification of condyloid; permits circumduction.

A

Saddle joint

30
Q

____ and ______ – head of one bone fits into the cup of another bone.

A

Ball and Socket

31
Q

Synarthrosis Characteristics

*No articular cavity, no capsule, synovial membrane or synovial fluid.

  • 3 types of synarthrotic joints:
  • In two types, bones are united by _______ or fibrous tissue.
  • Third type, not a true joint, but is a _________ connection between bones.
A

cartilage

ligamentous

32
Q

Synarthrosis Classification

  • Cartilaginous joint = united by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions.
  • Articulations between the bodies of the ________.
  • Fibrous joint = edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted.
  • Sutures of the _____.
  • Ligamentous joints = two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type.
  • ___________
A

vertebrae

skull

Coracoacromial

33
Q
  • ______ joint = edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted.
  • Sutures of the skull.
A

Fibrous joint

34
Q
  • ___________ joint = united by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions.
  • Articulations between the bodies of the vertebrae.
A

Cartilaginous

35
Q
  • ___________ joints = two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type.
  • Coracoacromial
A

Ligamentous

36
Q

Anatomical Position

  • The anatomical position is a commonly used reference point for the body itself.
  • It refers to a person standing _____ with all joints extended, feet parallel, palms facing _______, and fingers _______.
A

erect

forward

together

37
Q

Directional Terms


  • Superior / Inferior
  • Used to describe being toward or closer to the head and feet, respectively. For example, the knee is ________ relative to the ankle, but ______ relative to the hip.
  • Anterior / Posterior
  • _______ is toward the front of the body, ________ refers to the rear of the body.
A

superior, inferior

anterior, posterior

38
Q

Directional Terms


  • Medial / Lateral
  • Indicate position or movement ______ and ______ from the midline of the body, respectively
  • Proximal / Distal
  • _______ means closer to the attachment of a limb to the body, and _____ indicates having a position farther from the attachment of the limb to the body.
A

toward, away

Proximal

distal

39
Q

Directional Terms


  • Superficial /Deep
  • Describe relative proximity to the surface of the body.
  • -The rectus abdominis is ________ to the transverse abdomonis.
A

superficial

40
Q

Other Important Terms


  • Center of ______.
  • Imaginary point representing the weight center of an object.
  • That point in a body about which all the parts exactly _______ each other.
A

Gravity

balance

41
Q

Other Important Terms


  • ____ of Gravity
  • Imaginary vertical ____ that passes through the center of gravity.
A

Line

42
Q

Planes of System Motion


  • Planar motion of a system is described as occurring in a plane.
  • Geometrically, a plane is a flat __-dimensional surface.
  • Movements can generally be described as _______ or ________.
A

2

uniplanar

multiplanar

43
Q

Orientation of the Body – 
Planes of the Body

What are the three planes of the body?

A

1) Sagittal (median)
2) Frontal (coronal)
3) Transverse (horizontal)

44
Q

Orientation of the Body - Axes of Motion


  • If you imagine the plane of motion as a wheel, the axis of rotation should be envisioned as the ____ around which the wheel turns.
  • Each axis of rotation should be imagined as a line that is __________ to one of the described planes.
A

axle

perpendicular

45
Q

Orientation of the Body – 
Axes of Motion

*There are 3 axes of motion (which are always at right angles to the plane in which it occurs.

1) Bilateral - axis passes horizontally from side to side; perpendicular to _______ plane.
2) Anteroposterior (AP) - axis passes horizontally from front to back; perpendicular to ______ plane.
3) Vertical - axis is perpendicular to the ground and _________ plane.

*Rotary movement occurs in a plane and around an axis.

A

sagittal

frontal

horizontal

46
Q

Flexion of the Forearm

1) Occurs in what plane?
2) Occurs around what axis?

A

1) Sagittal plane

2) Bilateral axis

47
Q

Turning Head to the Side


1) Occurs in what plane?
2) Occurs in what axis?

A

1) Transverse plane

2) Vertical axis

48
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis


*_______: reduction in joint angle.

Examples:

  • Tipping the head forward.
  • Lifting the foot and leg backward from knee.
  • Raising entire lower extremity forward-upward as though kicking.
  • Raising forearm straight forward.
  • Elbow straight, raising entire upper extremity forward-upward.
A

Flexion

49
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis


*________: return movement from flexion or opening of joint angle.

A

Extension

50
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis


*___________: continuation of extension beyond starting position.

A

Hyperextension

51
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis


*__________: Arm is flexed beyond vertical (refers only to upper arm).

A

Hyperflexion

52
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis


*_________: movement away from the midline.

A

Abduction (think aliens abducting you, going up and AWAY)

53
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis


*_________: return movement from abduction.

A

Adduction (think ‘adding’ it to your body)

54
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis


*______ flexion: lateral bending of head or trunk.

A

Lateral flexion

55
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis


*___________: arm abducted beyond vertical.

A

Hyperabduction

56
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis


*___________: move across in front of the body

A

Hyperadduction

57
Q

Fundamental Movements
 - Transverse Plane about a Vertical Axis

  • Rotation Left and Right: rotation of head, neck, or pelvis.
  • Lateral and Medial Rotation: rotation of thigh and upper arm.

*_________ and ________: rotation of forearm.

*Reduction of Lateral Rotation, Medial Rotation, Supination, or Pronation: rotation of segment back to mid-position.

A

Supination and Pronation

58
Q

Transverse plane = _________.

A

Rotation

59
Q

Factors Influencing ROM

  • What is Range of Motion (ROM)?
  • The degree of movement that occurs at a _____ free of pain and injury.
  • Factors influencing ROM
  • Stretching, RT, and water exercises improve ROM.
  • Soft or rigid muscles and or tendons decrease ROM.
  • Injuries to joint or tissue can decrease ROM.
  • Various forms of arthritis can decrease ROM.
  • Associated with pain, swelling, and stiffness.
A

joint

60
Q

Range of Motion Exercises


*_______ range of motion (or PROM) - Therapist or equipment moves the joint through the range of motion with no effort from the patient.

*______ ________ range of motion (or AAROM) - Patient uses the muscles surrounding the joint to perform the exercise but requires some help from the therapist or equipment (such as a strap).

*______ range of motion (or AROM) - Patient performs the exercise to move the joint without any assistance to the muscles surrounding the joint.

A

Passive

Active assistive

Active

61
Q

Methods of Assessing ROM

  • Common way to assess a joint’s ROM is by measuring the number of ______ from starting position of a segment to the end of its ____ movement.
  • The __________ is a popular method used for measuring ROM.
A

degrees

max

goniometer

Biomechanics (5 decks)

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