Exam 1: The Musculoskeletal System - Skeletal Flashcards
The Body as a Machine
- Software (OS)
- The Mind
- Shaped by e.g., pop culture (v 2.0)
- Influenced DNA and environment
- Repetition, downloads, memory
- Hardware
- Hard drive (____)
- Wiring and tubing (CNS, PNS)
- Bands/pulleys (_______)
- Levers (_____)
- Fulcrum points (____)
brain
muscles
bones
joints
The Body as a Structure
- _______ bone
- Hard outer shell.
- _______ bone
- Crisscrossed honeycombed structure.
Cortical bone
Trabecular bone
The Body as a Structure
*The combination of _______ and _______ bone make our skeletons, strong, light, flexible and efficient.
cortical and trabecular
*So when you jump onto a plyo box or run a 5k, it’s the ________ bracing that directs the force to the strongest part of your skeleton (______) and prevents a bone from breaking.
trabecular
cortical
- ______ Law
- States that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.
- If loading on a particular bone increases, the bone will remodel itself over time to become _______ to resist that sort of loading.
Wolf’s Law
stronger
Wolf’s Law
- Adaptive Changes
- The internal architecture of ________ bone undergoes adaptive changes first.
- Secondary changes occur to _______ bone, becoming thicker.
trabecular
cortical
Musculoskeletal Framework
- An arrangement of bones, joints, and muscles, tendons and ligaments.
- Acts as a ‘_____ system’ allowing for a great number of coordinated movements.
- An anatomical lever is a bone that engages in ________ when _____ is applied to it.
- The force is from a muscle attached to the bone or an external force (gravity or weight).
lever
movement
force
Muscles can apply force only by _______.
shortening
The Bones
*The human skeleton is comprised of ____ bones.
206
The Bones
- The human skeleton is comprised of 206 bones, but only ____ engage in voluntary movement.
- Bones are dense, semi-rigid, porous, calcified connective tissue that forms the major portion of the skeleton.
- It consists of a dense organic matrix and an inorganic, mineral component.
177
The Bones
*Skeleton: provides support, muscle attachment, and protection
- ____ Skeleton:
- Skull, spinal column, sternum and ribs.
- _________ Skeleton:
- Upper and lower extremities.
Axial
Appendicular
Bones of the Upper Extremity
- Scapula
- Clavicle
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalange
Yuh
Bones of the Lower Extremity
- Pelvis
- Femur
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
Yuh
Types of Bones
- _____: shaft or body with a medullary canal (marrow, stem cells, blood cells and platelets), and relatively broad, knobby ends.
- Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, and radius
Long
Types of Bones
- _____: relatively small, chunky, solid.
- Carpals and tarsals
Short
Types of Bones
- ____: flat and plate like.
- Sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvis, and patella
Flat
Types of Bones
- _______: bones of spinal column.
- Vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx.
Irregular
Mechanical Axis of a Bone
- A straight line that connects the ________ of the joint at one end of a bone with the ________ of the joint at the other end.
- The axis may lie outside the shaft or diaphysis (midsection of long bone).
*_________ (rounded end of long bone).
midpoint, midpoint
Epiphysis
The Kinetic Chain
*Structure and function of joints are so interrelated that it is difficult to discuss them separately.
- The Kinetic Chain
- A series of overlapping segments linked via interlocking joints.
- Movement of one joint affects the movement of other joints within the kinetic chain.
- Movements occurring within these segments present as two primary types— ____ and ______.
open and closed
The Kinetic Chain
- _____ chain.
- The bar can move, you can throw it, not fixed to the ground.
- Bicep curl, bench press, leg extensions, leg curls, etc.
- _______ chain.
- Fixed to the ground.
- The body moves, limbs stay fixed.
- Pull-ups, deadlift, squat, lunges, pushup
Open
Closed
Articulations
-The configuration of the bones that form an articulation (fixed or movable point between joints), together with the reinforcing ________, determine and limit the movements of the joint.
ligaments
Joints - Structural Classification
- Based on presence or absence of a joint ______:
- Diarthrosis or Synarthrosis
*Further classified either by shape or nature of the tissues that connect the bones.
cavity
Diarthrosis Characteristics
Diarthrosis: Any of several types of bone articulation permitting free motion in a joint, as that of the shoulder or hip.
- Articular cavity
- Ligamentous capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Surfaces are smooth
- Surfaces covered with cartilage
Yuh
Diarthrosis Classification
There are 6 types of diarthrosis joints:
1) Irregular/Plane joint = irregular surfaces; permits gliding movements.
2) Hinge joint – convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/extension.
3) Pivot joint – peg-like pivot; permits rotation.
4) Condyloid joint – oval or egg-shape convex surface fits into reciprocal concave surface; permits circumduction.
5) Saddle joint – modification of condyloid; permits circumduction.
6) Ball and Socket – head of one bone fits into the cup of another bone.
Know it.
_______/_____ joint = irregular surfaces; permits gliding movements.
Irregular/Plane joint
_____ joint = convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/extension.
Hinge joint
_____ joint = peg-like pivot; permits rotation.
Pivot joint
________ joint – oval or egg-shape convex surface fits into reciprocal concave surface; permits circumduction.
Condyloid
______ joint – modification of condyloid; permits circumduction.
Saddle joint
____ and ______ – head of one bone fits into the cup of another bone.
Ball and Socket
Synarthrosis Characteristics
*No articular cavity, no capsule, synovial membrane or synovial fluid.
- 3 types of synarthrotic joints:
- In two types, bones are united by _______ or fibrous tissue.
- Third type, not a true joint, but is a _________ connection between bones.
cartilage
ligamentous
Synarthrosis Classification
- Cartilaginous joint = united by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions.
- Articulations between the bodies of the ________.
- Fibrous joint = edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted.
- Sutures of the _____.
- Ligamentous joints = two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type.
- ___________
vertebrae
skull
Coracoacromial
- ______ joint = edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted.
- Sutures of the skull.
Fibrous joint
- ___________ joint = united by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions.
- Articulations between the bodies of the vertebrae.
Cartilaginous
- ___________ joints = two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type.
- Coracoacromial
Ligamentous
Anatomical Position
- The anatomical position is a commonly used reference point for the body itself.
- It refers to a person standing _____ with all joints extended, feet parallel, palms facing _______, and fingers _______.
erect
forward
together
Directional Terms
- Superior / Inferior
- Used to describe being toward or closer to the head and feet, respectively. For example, the knee is ________ relative to the ankle, but ______ relative to the hip.
- Anterior / Posterior
- _______ is toward the front of the body, ________ refers to the rear of the body.
superior, inferior
anterior, posterior
Directional Terms
- Medial / Lateral
- Indicate position or movement ______ and ______ from the midline of the body, respectively
- Proximal / Distal
- _______ means closer to the attachment of a limb to the body, and _____ indicates having a position farther from the attachment of the limb to the body.
toward, away
Proximal
distal
Directional Terms
- Superficial /Deep
- Describe relative proximity to the surface of the body.
- -The rectus abdominis is ________ to the transverse abdomonis.
superficial
Other Important Terms
- Center of ______.
- Imaginary point representing the weight center of an object.
- That point in a body about which all the parts exactly _______ each other.
Gravity
balance
Other Important Terms
- ____ of Gravity
- Imaginary vertical ____ that passes through the center of gravity.
Line
Planes of System Motion
- Planar motion of a system is described as occurring in a plane.
- Geometrically, a plane is a flat __-dimensional surface.
- Movements can generally be described as _______ or ________.
2
uniplanar
multiplanar
Orientation of the Body – Planes of the Body
What are the three planes of the body?
1) Sagittal (median)
2) Frontal (coronal)
3) Transverse (horizontal)
Orientation of the Body - Axes of Motion
- If you imagine the plane of motion as a wheel, the axis of rotation should be envisioned as the ____ around which the wheel turns.
- Each axis of rotation should be imagined as a line that is __________ to one of the described planes.
axle
perpendicular
Orientation of the Body – Axes of Motion
*There are 3 axes of motion (which are always at right angles to the plane in which it occurs.
1) Bilateral - axis passes horizontally from side to side; perpendicular to _______ plane.
2) Anteroposterior (AP) - axis passes horizontally from front to back; perpendicular to ______ plane.
3) Vertical - axis is perpendicular to the ground and _________ plane.
*Rotary movement occurs in a plane and around an axis.
sagittal
frontal
horizontal
Flexion of the Forearm
1) Occurs in what plane?
2) Occurs around what axis?
1) Sagittal plane
2) Bilateral axis
Turning Head to the Side
1) Occurs in what plane?
2) Occurs in what axis?
1) Transverse plane
2) Vertical axis
Fundamental Movements - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis
*_______: reduction in joint angle.
Examples:
- Tipping the head forward.
- Lifting the foot and leg backward from knee.
- Raising entire lower extremity forward-upward as though kicking.
- Raising forearm straight forward.
- Elbow straight, raising entire upper extremity forward-upward.
Flexion
Fundamental Movements - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis
*________: return movement from flexion or opening of joint angle.
Extension
Fundamental Movements - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis
*___________: continuation of extension beyond starting position.
Hyperextension
Fundamental Movements - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis
*__________: Arm is flexed beyond vertical (refers only to upper arm).
Hyperflexion
Fundamental Movements - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis
*_________: movement away from the midline.
Abduction (think aliens abducting you, going up and AWAY)
Fundamental Movements - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis
*_________: return movement from abduction.
Adduction (think ‘adding’ it to your body)
Fundamental Movements - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis
*______ flexion: lateral bending of head or trunk.
Lateral flexion
Fundamental Movements - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis
*___________: arm abducted beyond vertical.
Hyperabduction
Fundamental Movements - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis
*___________: move across in front of the body
Hyperadduction
Fundamental Movements - Transverse Plane about a Vertical Axis
- Rotation Left and Right: rotation of head, neck, or pelvis.
- Lateral and Medial Rotation: rotation of thigh and upper arm.
*_________ and ________: rotation of forearm.
*Reduction of Lateral Rotation, Medial Rotation, Supination, or Pronation: rotation of segment back to mid-position.
Supination and Pronation
Transverse plane = _________.
Rotation
Factors Influencing ROM
- What is Range of Motion (ROM)?
- The degree of movement that occurs at a _____ free of pain and injury.
- Factors influencing ROM
- Stretching, RT, and water exercises improve ROM.
- Soft or rigid muscles and or tendons decrease ROM.
- Injuries to joint or tissue can decrease ROM.
- Various forms of arthritis can decrease ROM.
- Associated with pain, swelling, and stiffness.
joint
Range of Motion Exercises
*_______ range of motion (or PROM) - Therapist or equipment moves the joint through the range of motion with no effort from the patient.
*______ ________ range of motion (or AAROM) - Patient uses the muscles surrounding the joint to perform the exercise but requires some help from the therapist or equipment (such as a strap).
*______ range of motion (or AROM) - Patient performs the exercise to move the joint without any assistance to the muscles surrounding the joint.
Passive
Active assistive
Active
Methods of Assessing ROM
- Common way to assess a joint’s ROM is by measuring the number of ______ from starting position of a segment to the end of its ____ movement.
- The __________ is a popular method used for measuring ROM.
degrees
max
goniometer
