Exam 1: The Musculoskeletal System - Skeletal Flashcards by Anthony Kemmer

The Body as a Machine

Software (OS)
The Mind
Shaped by e.g., pop culture (v 2.0)
Influenced DNA and environment
Repetition, downloads, memory
Hardware
Hard drive (____)
Wiring and tubing (CNS, PNS)
Bands/pulleys (_______)
Levers (_____)
Fulcrum points (____)

brain

muscles

bones

joints

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The Body as a Structure

_______ bone
Hard outer shell.
_______ bone
Crisscrossed honeycombed structure.

Cortical bone

Trabecular bone

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The Body as a Structure

*The combination of _______ and _______ bone make our skeletons, strong, light, flexible and efficient.

cortical and trabecular

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*So when you jump onto a plyo box or run a 5k, it’s the ________ bracing that directs the force to the strongest part of your skeleton (______) and prevents a bone from breaking.

trabecular

cortical

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______ Law
States that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.
If loading on a particular bone increases, the bone will remodel itself over time to become _______ to resist that sort of loading.

Wolf’s Law

stronger

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Wolf’s Law

Adaptive Changes
The internal architecture of ________ bone undergoes adaptive changes first.
Secondary changes occur to _______ bone, becoming thicker.

trabecular

cortical

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Musculoskeletal Framework

An arrangement of bones, joints, and muscles, tendons and ligaments.
Acts as a ‘_____ system’ allowing for a great number of coordinated movements.
An anatomical lever is a bone that engages in ________ when _____ is applied to it.
The force is from a muscle attached to the bone or an external force (gravity or weight).

lever

movement

force

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Muscles can apply force only by _______.

shortening

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The Bones

*The human skeleton is comprised of ____ bones.

206

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The Bones

The human skeleton is comprised of 206 bones, but only ____ engage in voluntary movement.
Bones are dense, semi-rigid, porous, calcified connective tissue that forms the major portion of the skeleton.
It consists of a dense organic matrix and an inorganic, mineral component.

177

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The Bones

*Skeleton: provides support, muscle attachment, and protection

____ Skeleton:
Skull, spinal column, sternum and ribs.
_________ Skeleton:
Upper and lower extremities.

Axial

Appendicular

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Bones of the Upper Extremity

Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalange

Yuh

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Bones of the Lower Extremity

Pelvis
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Yuh

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Types of Bones

_____: shaft or body with a medullary canal (marrow, stem cells, blood cells and platelets), and relatively broad, knobby ends.
Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, and radius

Long

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Types of Bones

_____: relatively small, chunky, solid.
Carpals and tarsals

Short

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Types of Bones

____: flat and plate like.
Sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvis, and patella

Flat

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Types of Bones

_______: bones of spinal column.
Vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx.

Irregular

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Mechanical Axis of a Bone

A straight line that connects the ________ of the joint at one end of a bone with the ________ of the joint at the other end.
The axis may lie outside the shaft or diaphysis (midsection of long bone).

*_________ (rounded end of long bone).

midpoint, midpoint

Epiphysis

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The Kinetic Chain

*Structure and function of joints are so interrelated that it is difficult to discuss them separately.

The Kinetic Chain
A series of overlapping segments linked via interlocking joints.
Movement of one joint affects the movement of other joints within the kinetic chain.
Movements occurring within these segments present as two primary types— ____ and ______.

open and closed

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The Kinetic Chain

_____ chain.
The bar can move, you can throw it, not fixed to the ground.
Bicep curl, bench press, leg extensions, leg curls, etc.
_______ chain.
Fixed to the ground.
The body moves, limbs stay fixed.
Pull-ups, deadlift, squat, lunges, pushup

Open

Closed

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Articulations

-The configuration of the bones that form an articulation (fixed or movable point between joints), together with the reinforcing ________, determine and limit the movements of the joint.

ligaments

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Joints - Structural Classification

Based on presence or absence of a joint ______:
Diarthrosis or Synarthrosis

*Further classified either by shape or nature of the tissues that connect the bones.

cavity

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Diarthrosis Characteristics

Diarthrosis: Any of several types of bone articulation permitting free motion in a joint, as that of the shoulder or hip.

Articular cavity
Ligamentous capsule
Synovial membrane
Surfaces are smooth
Surfaces covered with cartilage

Yuh

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Diarthrosis Classification

There are 6 types of diarthrosis joints:

1) Irregular/Plane joint = irregular surfaces; permits gliding movements.
2) Hinge joint – convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/extension.
3) Pivot joint – peg-like pivot; permits rotation.
4) Condyloid joint – oval or egg-shape convex surface fits into reciprocal concave surface; permits circumduction.
5) Saddle joint – modification of condyloid; permits circumduction.
6) Ball and Socket – head of one bone fits into the cup of another bone.

Know it.

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_______/_____ joint = irregular surfaces; permits gliding movements.

Irregular/Plane joint

_____ joint = convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion/extension.

Hinge joint

_____ joint = peg-like pivot; permits rotation.

Pivot joint

________ joint – oval or egg-shape convex surface fits into reciprocal concave surface; permits circumduction.

Condyloid

______ joint – modification of condyloid; permits circumduction.

Saddle joint

____ and ______ – head of one bone fits into the cup of another bone.

Ball and Socket

Synarthrosis Characteristics *No articular cavity, no capsule, synovial membrane or synovial fluid. * 3 types of synarthrotic joints: - In two types, bones are united by _______ or fibrous tissue. - Third type, not a true joint, but is a _________ connection between bones.

cartilage ligamentous

Synarthrosis Classification * Cartilaginous joint = united by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions. - Articulations between the bodies of the ________. * Fibrous joint = edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted. - Sutures of the _____. * Ligamentous joints = two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type. - ___________

vertebrae skull Coracoacromial

* ______ joint = edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted. - Sutures of the skull.

Fibrous joint

* ___________ joint = united by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions. - Articulations between the bodies of the vertebrae.

Cartilaginous

* ___________ joints = two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type. - Coracoacromial

Ligamentous

Anatomical Position * The anatomical position is a commonly used reference point for the body itself. * It refers to a person standing _____ with all joints extended, feet parallel, palms facing _______, and fingers _______.

erect forward together

Directional Terms  * Superior / Inferior - Used to describe being toward or closer to the head and feet, respectively. For example, the knee is ________ relative to the ankle, but ______ relative to the hip. * Anterior / Posterior - _______ is toward the front of the body, ________ refers to the rear of the body.

superior, inferior anterior, posterior

Directional Terms  * Medial / Lateral - Indicate position or movement ______ and ______ from the midline of the body, respectively * Proximal / Distal - _______ means closer to the attachment of a limb to the body, and _____ indicates having a position farther from the attachment of the limb to the body.

toward, away Proximal distal

Directional Terms  * Superficial /Deep - Describe relative proximity to the surface of the body. - -The rectus abdominis is ________ to the transverse abdomonis.

superficial

Other Important Terms  * Center of ______. - Imaginary point representing the weight center of an object. - That point in a body about which all the parts exactly _______ each other.

Gravity balance

Other Important Terms  * ____ of Gravity - Imaginary vertical ____ that passes through the center of gravity.

Line

Planes of System Motion  * Planar motion of a system is described as occurring in a plane. * Geometrically, a plane is a flat __-dimensional surface. * Movements can generally be described as _______ or ________.

2 uniplanar multiplanar

Orientation of the Body –  Planes of the Body What are the three planes of the body?

1) Sagittal (median) 2) Frontal (coronal) 3) Transverse (horizontal)

Orientation of the Body - Axes of Motion  * If you imagine the plane of motion as a wheel, the axis of rotation should be envisioned as the *____* around which the wheel turns. * Each axis of rotation should be imagined as a line that is __________ to one of the described planes.

axle perpendicular

Orientation of the Body –  Axes of Motion *There are 3 axes of motion (which are always at right angles to the plane in which it occurs. 1) Bilateral - axis passes horizontally from side to side; perpendicular to _______ plane. 2) Anteroposterior (AP) - axis passes horizontally from front to back; perpendicular to ______ plane. 3) Vertical - axis is perpendicular to the ground and _________ plane. *Rotary movement occurs in a plane and around an axis.

sagittal frontal horizontal

Flexion of the Forearm 1) Occurs in what plane? 2) Occurs around what axis?

1) Sagittal plane | 2) Bilateral axis

Turning Head to the Side  1) Occurs in what plane? 2) Occurs in what axis?

1) Transverse plane | 2) Vertical axis

Fundamental Movements  - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis  *_______: reduction in joint angle. Examples: - Tipping the head forward. - Lifting the foot and leg backward from knee. - Raising entire lower extremity forward-upward as though kicking. - Raising forearm straight forward. - Elbow straight, raising entire upper extremity forward-upward.

Flexion

Fundamental Movements  - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis  *________: return movement from flexion or opening of joint angle.

Extension

Fundamental Movements  - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis  *___________: continuation of extension beyond starting position.

Hyperextension

Fundamental Movements  - Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis  *__________: Arm is flexed beyond vertical (refers only to upper arm).

Hyperflexion

Fundamental Movements  - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis  *_________: movement away from the midline.

Abduction (think aliens abducting you, going up and AWAY)

Fundamental Movements  - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis  *_________: return movement from abduction.

Adduction (think 'adding' it to your body)

Fundamental Movements  - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis  *______ flexion: lateral bending of head or trunk.

Lateral flexion

Fundamental Movements  - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis  *___________: arm abducted beyond vertical.

Hyperabduction

Fundamental Movements  - Frontal Plane about an AP Axis  *___________: move across in front of the body

Hyperadduction

Fundamental Movements  - Transverse Plane about a Vertical Axis * Rotation Left and Right: rotation of head, neck, or pelvis. * Lateral and Medial Rotation: rotation of thigh and upper arm. *_________ and ________: rotation of forearm. *Reduction of Lateral Rotation, Medial Rotation, Supination, or Pronation: rotation of segment back to mid-position.

Supination and Pronation

Transverse plane = _________.

Rotation

Factors Influencing ROM * What is Range of Motion (ROM)? - The degree of movement that occurs at a _____ free of pain and injury. * Factors influencing ROM - Stretching, RT, and water exercises improve ROM. - Soft or rigid muscles and or tendons decrease ROM. - Injuries to joint or tissue can decrease ROM. - Various forms of arthritis can decrease ROM. - Associated with pain, swelling, and stiffness.

joint

Range of Motion Exercises  *_______ range of motion (or PROM) - Therapist or equipment moves the joint through the range of motion with no effort from the patient. *______ ________ range of motion (or AAROM) - Patient uses the muscles surrounding the joint to perform the exercise but requires some help from the therapist or equipment (such as a strap). *______ range of motion (or AROM) - Patient performs the exercise to move the joint without any assistance to the muscles surrounding the joint.

Passive Active assistive Active

Methods of Assessing ROM * Common way to assess a joint’s ROM is by measuring the number of ______ from starting position of a segment to the end of its ____ movement. * The __________ is a popular method used for measuring ROM.

degrees max goniometer