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Biomechanics > Exam 1: The Musculoskeletal System - Muscle > Flashcards

Exam 1: The Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Fun Facts

True or False
-You have all the muscle fibers you will ever have at birth.

A

True! But once damaged they can’t be replaced.

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2
Q

Muscle Fun Facts

The strongest muscle of the body is the _______ muscle used for chewing!

A

masseter

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3
Q

Muscle Fun Facts

  • If all your muscles could pull in one direction you could create a force of 25 tons!
  • It takes 17 muscles in your face to smile : ) but takes 43 muscles to frown : (
A

Yuh

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4
Q

Muscle Fun Facts

The ______ is the only muscle in the body that is attached at only at one end.

A

tongue

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5
Q

____’ Law: Used in anatomy to describe how soft tissue models along imposed demands.

A

Davis’ Law

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6
Q

_________ refers to an increase in the SIZE of cells and subsequently, an increase in size of involved organs/tissue.

A

Hypertrophy

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7
Q

__________ refers to an increase in the NUMBER of cells in an organ or tissue and subsequently, an increase in size of the involved organ or tissue.

A

Hyperplasia

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8
Q

Types of Contraction


  • Know these basics
    1) _______: muscle remains at equal length
    2) ________: muscle shortens
    3) ________: muscle lengthens
A

1) Isometric
2) Concentric
3) Eccentric

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9
Q

Types of Contraction


*Other terms

  • Iso_____:
  • Muscle maintains equal tension while length changes.
  • Lifting object at a constant speed.
  • Iso______:
  • Equal or same motion.
  • Special equipment allows for same speed throughout ROM despite amount of force.
A

Isotonic

Isokinetic

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10
Q

Tendon vs Ligament

  • Tendon serves as an anchor for the ______ and connects it to ____.
  • Ligament connects _____ to _____.
  • When a person suffers a traumatic injury, ligaments and tendons may be pulled, sprained/strained or even torn completely.
A

muscle, bone

bone to bone

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11
Q

Sprain vs Strain

  • Sprain involves the stretching or tearing of a _______.
  • Strains involve the stretching or tearing of a ___________ unit.
A

ligament (connects bone to bone)

musculo-tendinous (s”T”rain = “T”endon)

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12
Q

Muscular Attachments

Origin and Insertion

  • Origin = usually more ________.
  • Insertion = usually more _____.
A

proximal

distal

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13
Q

Structural Classification of Muscles by Fiber Arrangement

  • _________ muscle: long muscle with fibers in parallel to its long axis.
  • Example: Sartorius
A

Longitudinal

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14
Q

Structural Classification of Muscles by Fiber Arrangement

*_______/Quadrilateral muscle: four sided and usually flat.
Consist of parallel fibers.
-Example: Rhomboids

A

Quadrate

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15
Q

Structural Classification of Muscles by Fiber Arrangement

  • ________ or Fan-Shaped: fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other.
  • Example: Pectoralis major
A

Triangular

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16
Q

Structural Classification of Muscles by Fiber Arrangement

  • ________/Spindle-Shaped: rounded muscle that tapers at either end.
  • Example: Brachioradialis
A

Fusiform

17
Q

Structural Classification of Muscles by Fiber Arrangement

  • _______: a series of short, parallel, feather like fibers extends diagonally from the side of a long tendon.
  • Example: Tibialis posterior
A

Pennate

18
Q

Structural Classification of Muscles by Fiber Arrangement

_________: A long central tendon with fibers extending diagonally in pairs from either side of the tendon.
-Example: Rectus femoris.

A

Bipennate

19
Q

Structural Classification of Muscles by Fiber Arrangement

  • __________: Several tendons are present, with fibers running diagonally between them.
  • Example: Middle deltoid
A

Multipennate

20
Q
  • _______ muscles are the most powerful of the body
  • Common angle with tendon
  • Contain more muscle fibers
A

Pennate

21
Q

Key Concept

  • The basis for all muscle function is the ability of muscular tissue to ______.
  • The theory of muscle contraction is known as the _________ ________ theory.
A

contract

Sliding Filament Theory
-Myosin (thick) filaments attach and pull Actin (thin) forming crossbridges

22
Q

Can skeletal muscle apply force via pulling only, pushing only, or both?

A

Muscles can only generate force while SHORTENING, they cannot exert force via push, ONLY pull!

23
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function – 
Line of Pull

  • Line of Pull: angle between muscle ______ and bone on which it inserts.
  • Movement that the contracting muscle produces is determined by two factors:
    1) Type of _____ that is spans.
    2) The relation of the muscle’s line of ____ to the joint.
A

insertion

joint

pull

24
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function – 
Line of Pull

*It is common to classify muscles in relation to their line of pull.

  • Muscles whose line of pull produce flexion are called?
  • ______
  • Muscles whose line of pull produce extension are called?
  • _______
  • Muscles whose line of pull produce abduction, adduction and rotation?
  • _______

*Some controversy with classification (EMG is accurate)

A

Flexors

Extensors

Rotators

25
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function – 
Line of Pull

*Knowing the general location of a muscle with respect to the joint axis – (ant., post., lat., med.) and knowing the line of pull of the muscle is important for deducing possible muscle participation during a body movement.

A

Yuh

26
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function – 
Length-Tension Relationship

  • There is an optimal length at which a muscle exerts maximal _______.
  • This optimal relationship is dependent upon the muscle’s structure and function.
  • General rule for facilitating the optimal length-tension relationship is to position the muscle slightly [greater than/less than] its resting length.
  • Longer tendons generate higher levels of stored elasticity than shorter tendons.
A

tension

greater than

27
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function – 
Force-Velocity Relationship

  • As the speed of muscle contraction increases, the force it is able to exert ________.
  • The velocity of contraction is max when load is 0.
  • The load is max when the velocity is 0.

1) If activity requires large forces, then a slow or fast muscle contraction should be expected?
* If fast limb velocity is needed, then a small or large amount of contractile force should be expected?

A

decreases

1) Slow
2) Small

28
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function – 
Stretch-Shortening Cycle

  • Both muscle and tendon possess ______ properties.
  • When they are stretched they store _______, and will release this _______ upon return to their original length.

*When a _________ contraction is preceded by an active stretch, the elastic energy stored during the stretch is available for use in the contractile phase. (countermovement jump).

A

elastic

energy, energy

concentric

29
Q

Roles of Muscles - Agonists

  • Agonists are [directly/indirectly] responsible for producing a movement.
  • Prime movers - large impact on movement
  • Assistant movers – only help when needed
A

directly

30
Q

Roles of Muscles - Antagonists

  • Antagonists have an effect _______ to that of movers, or agonists.
  • Check ballistic movements
  • First, antagonists must _____ to permit movement.
  • Second, antagonists act as a _____ at completion of movement.
A

opposite

relax

brake

31
Q

Roles of Muscles - Synergists

  • Synergists possess ‘________’, supporting and neutralizing properties.
  • A stabilizing example is when the rhomboids stabilize the scapula against the pull of the teres major.
  • Neutralizers prevent _______ action.
  • As an example, if a muscle both flexes and internally rotates, but only flexion is desired in the movement, what must happen?
  • An external rotator(s) contracts to prevent the internal rotation action of the mover – and in this case acts as a neutralizer.
A

stabilizing

undesired

32
Q

Cocontraction

*The simultaneous cocontraction of _______/movers and _________ does occur.

  • Cocontraction is most often associated with _________ in dynamic, unstable situations.
  • Abdominals and low back to maintain posture in unstable situations.
A

agonists, antagonists

stabilization

33
Q

Bi-Articular Muscles

*Bi-articular muscles pass over and act on ____ joints
Example: Hamstrings

*Bi-articular muscles have two different patterns of action, described as ________ and __________ movements.

A

two

concurrent, countercurrent

34
Q

Bi-Articular Muscles

  • Concurrent Movements
  • Simultaneous ______ or _______ of the hip and knee joints.
  • No net change in length of either muscle.
  • Countercurrent Movements
  • One muscle shortens at both joints as its’ antagonist _________ correspondingly and thereby gains _______ at both ends.
A

flexion, extension

lengthens, tension

Biomechanics (5 decks)

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