Exam 1 Terms

Question 1

Ubiquitin

Answer 1

Marks other proteins for degradation

Question 2

Tight Junctions

Answer 2

Created by membrane proteins to create a diffusion barrier

Question 3

Definition of Disease

Answer 3

We might define (non-infectious) disease as the situation where the tissue has passed beyond the point where homeostasis can restore balance

Question 4

Homeostasis

Answer 4

General concept of feedback control and balance

Question 5

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

nor epinephrine – fight or flight response

Question 6

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

acetylcholine – feed or breed response

Question 7

Protein-protein interaction

Answer 7

2 proteins interacting and therefore change shape. Like husband and wife, they need to cooperate with each other

Question 8

Phosphorylation

Answer 8

involves the covalent change of the protein by putting a phosphate group on

Question 9

Calcium binding

Answer 9

Calcium ions bind with high specificity to certain proteins to calcium binding site, to change shape

Question 10

Kinases

Answer 10

Enzymes which place phosphates on other molecules

Question 11

Phosphatases

Answer 11

Enzymes which remove phosphates from these molecules

Question 12

The cell type is determined by 2 major factors

Answer 12

1) What regions of chromatin are open

2) What transcription factors are active

Question 13

Ceramide

Answer 13

Sphingosine plus a fatty acid

Question 14

Sialic acids

Answer 14

Adicic sugars that cause termination

Question 15

Tay-Sachs disease

Answer 15

Loss of ability to remove the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residue (GM2 processing defect)

Question 16

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Answer 16

an acute inflammatory disease usually triggered by a strong infection affecting the peripheral nervous system

Question 17

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 17

amyloid b-protein deposits

Question 18

Cholesterol

Answer 18

keeps the membrane from extreme states: not too fluid … not too stiff… just right

Question 19

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

sorts membrane proteins, sending them to their destination

Question 20

Gs

Answer 20

Stimulation; most often binds to adenylate cyclase, turn ON signals

Question 21

Gi

Answer 21

Inhibition; turn OFF signals (can bind mAChR)

Question 22

Gq

Answer 22

G-proteins that don’t fit it. (can bind mAChR)

Question 23

Direct Cell-Cell Signaling

Answer 23

Immune system, Integrins and cadherins

Question 24

Endocrine Signaling

Answer 24

the signal goes everywhere but only certain cells have receptors that can sense the signal. (hormones)

Question 25

Paracrine Signaling

Answer 25

Eicosanoids, neurotransmitters

Question 26

Autocrine Signaling

Answer 26

Immune system, Cancer