Exam 1 Terms Flashcards
Ubiquitin
Marks other proteins for degradation
Tight Junctions
Created by membrane proteins to create a diffusion barrier
Definition of Disease
We might define (non-infectious) disease as the situation where the tissue has passed beyond the point where homeostasis can restore balance
Homeostasis
General concept of feedback control and balance
Sympathetic nervous system
nor epinephrine – fight or flight response
Parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine – feed or breed response
Protein-protein interaction
2 proteins interacting and therefore change shape. Like husband and wife, they need to cooperate with each other
Phosphorylation
involves the covalent change of the protein by putting a phosphate group on
Calcium binding
Calcium ions bind with high specificity to certain proteins to calcium binding site, to change shape
Kinases
Enzymes which place phosphates on other molecules
Phosphatases
Enzymes which remove phosphates from these molecules
The cell type is determined by 2 major factors
1) What regions of chromatin are open
2) What transcription factors are active
Ceramide
Sphingosine plus a fatty acid
Sialic acids
Adicic sugars that cause termination
Tay-Sachs disease
Loss of ability to remove the terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residue (GM2 processing defect)
Guillain-Barre syndrome
an acute inflammatory disease usually triggered by a strong infection affecting the peripheral nervous system
Alzheimer’s disease
amyloid b-protein deposits
Cholesterol
keeps the membrane from extreme states: not too fluid … not too stiff… just right
endoplasmic reticulum
sorts membrane proteins, sending them to their destination
Gs
Stimulation; most often binds to adenylate cyclase, turn ON signals
Gi
Inhibition; turn OFF signals (can bind mAChR)
Gq
G-proteins that don’t fit it. (can bind mAChR)
Direct Cell-Cell Signaling
Immune system, Integrins and cadherins
Endocrine Signaling
the signal goes everywhere but only certain cells have receptors that can sense the signal. (hormones)
Paracrine Signaling
Eicosanoids, neurotransmitters
Autocrine Signaling
Immune system, Cancer
