exam #1 study guide pt 2

Question 1

what is the initial stage of Gentile’s Two-Stage model?
- goal of the learner is ___
- distinguish ____ vs _____ features of environment

Answer 1

the goal of the learner is to develop an understanding of the task dynamics.
learning to distinguish regulatory vs non-regulatory features of the environment

Question 2

what is the second stage of Gentile’s Two-Stage model?
- called the _____
- goal of the learner is ____

Answer 2

• fixation/diversification stage
• refine the movement

Question 3

two parts to refining movement:
1. developing capability of ______ the movement to changing ____ and ______ demands
2. performing the task _____ and _______

Answer 3

1. adapting; task and environment
2. consistently and efficiently

Question 4

the fixation/diversification stage refer to requirements of:
- closed skills
- open skills
which are?

Answer 4

• closed: consistent movement pattern with minimal environmental variation
• open: changing environmental conditions which require movement diversification

Question 5

what are the 7 phases of erect locomotion?

Answer 5

1. stepping reflex
2. its disappearance
3. its reappearance
4. assisted locomotion
   5-7: erect independent walking in which hands move from high guard position, down the side, and trunk and head become more erect

Question 6

How do children with 1-4 months of walking experience shift their body motion with initial walking?

Answer 6

anticipatory postural adjustments before step –> lateral tilt of pelvis and stance leg before swing phase, activation of hip abductor in stance phase prior to heel off

Question 7

Balance and locomotion are organized by 2 stable reference frames.
1. support surface**
2. vision and vestibular information

when using support surface, balance is organized from ____ toward ______.
when using vision & vestibular information, balance is organized from _____ toward _____.

Answer 7

feet upward toward head
head down toward feet

Question 8

list 5 important characteristics that determine mature gait

Answer 8

1. duration of single limb stance
2. walking velocity
3. cadence
4. step length
5. ratio of pelvic span to step width

Question 8

what are the two modes in which the head can be stabilized on the trunk?

Answer 8

**1. en bloc mode: head moves with trunk
2. articulated mode: head moves freely, minimizing movements away from vertical

Question 9

list the correct order of appearance of higher level gait

Answer 9

walking
running
galloping
hopping
skipping

Question 10

what is postural control?

Answer 10

controlling the body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation

Question 11

what is postural stability aka balance?

Answer 11

ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the base of support

Question 12

define the two types of balance important to motor milestones, functional movement and maintaining COG over BOS:
1. COM
2. BOS

Answer 12

1. point that is the center of the total body mass
2. area of the body that is in contact with the support surface

Question 13

what is the reflex-hierarchical theory of postural control?

Answer 13

Emergence of posture and movement control is dependent on the appearance and subsequent integration of reflexes

Question 14

how does the systems theory of postural control differ from the reflex hierarchical theory of postural control?

Answer 14

does not deny the existence of reflexes, but considers them as only one of many influences on the control of posture and movement

Question 15

the lack of head control in newborns is a result of _____ and _______

Answer 15

lack of strength and lack of organized muscle activity

Question 16

the emergence of independent sitting is characterized by _____. occurs around ___ to ____ months

Answer 16

the infant’s ability to control spontaneous sway sufficiently to remain upright
6-8 months

Question 17

Babies as young as 60 hours are able to orient themselves toward a source of _____ stimulation

Answer 17

visual