Exam #1 Study Guide Flashcards
What are Aristotle’s four laws of association?
- Law of Similarity
- Law of Contrast
- Law of Contiguity
- Law of Frequency
Define Law of Similarity
Events that are similar to each other are readily associated with each other.
Define Law of Contrast
Events that are opposite of each other are readily associated
Define Law of Contiguity
Events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated
Define Law of Frequency
The more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they’re associated
T/F: Is Aristotle an Empiricist?
True
He also believes in Nurture
Describe Descartes Mind-Body Dualism:
- The mind is a free will, and produces voluntary behaviors
- The body produces involuntary, reflexive behaviors; like a machine, in response to external stimulation.
What group of philosophers believed that all knowledge is the result of experiential learning?
The British Empiricist
What group believes that all knowledge is function of experience
The British Empiricist
Who primarily employed the method of introspection to the study of mind and behavior?
Edward Kitchener (Structuralist)
William James (Functionalist)
What are the beliefs of a Structuralist?
The subject in an experiment attempts to accurately describe his or her conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences.
What are the beliefs of a Functionalist?
Assumes the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us.
What was Watson’s natural approach known as?
Behaviorism
What does Behaviorism focus on?
Study of the environmental influences on observable behavior
Who believed introspection and inferences shouldn’t be relied upon because they aren’t directly observable?
Watson
Who believed in Radical Behaviorism?
Skinner
What are the four reasons why Skinner believed that explaining behavior by appealing to internal events was problematic?
- We don’t have direct access to the internal events of others
- Difficult to determine the relationship between thoughts and feelings to behavior
- Can’t directly change internal events
- Pseudo-explanations (“I feel like going to the movies”)
What are Skinner’s position on internal events such as thoughts and emotions?
He was more about environmental consequences
Observable behavior
Against thoughts and emotions in regards to Behaviorism
What is the IV?
What’s manipulated in an experiment
What is the DV?
What’s measured in an experiment
T/F: Changes in the DV are dependent upon changes in the IV?
True
What is appetitive stimulus?
An event an organism will seek out
Food when you’re hungry
What is aversive stimulus?
An event an organism will avoid.
Shock
What is Deprivation?
Prolonged absence of an event, which often increases the appetitiveness of that event
What is Satiation?
Refers to prolonged exposure to an event, which decreases appetitiveness of that event.
What is contiguity?
Closeness or nearness.
What is contingency?
Predictive or functional relationship between two events, such that the occurrence of one even predicts the probably occurrence of another
What are some features of behavior that can be observed and recorded?
- Rate of Response
- Intensity
- Duration
- Speed
- Latency
Define Rate of Response
Frequency with which a response occurs in a certain behavior
Define Intensity
Force or magnitude of the behavior
Define Duration
Length of time that an individual repeatedly or continuously performs a certain behavior.
Define Speed
Measures how quickly or slowly a behavior occurs, or the rapidity with which one progresses through some type of distance.
Define Latency
Length of time required for the behavior to BEGIN
Which single-subject design is typically used when the return to baseline condition would be unethical?
Reversal (ABA) design: can be unethical when returning to baseline.
Which single-subject design doesn’t control for the possibility of a time coincidence?
Single-Subject (AB) design: Doesn’t control the possibility of a time coincidence
i.e. Something else that occurred simultaneously with the condition change that affect behavior.
Why do we experience pain only after we engage in a protective reflex?
- ANATOMY!
- Our nerves transmits sensory information to our brain and in turn our brain triggers motor response (flexion response)
What kind of stimulus elicits a fixed-action pattern?
Sign stimulus or releaser.
What is habituation?
Decrease in strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.
What is sensitization?
increase in strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.
What is dishabituation?
Reappearance of a habituated response due to the presentation of a novel stimulus.
Review Opponent-Process Theory
…… Know a- process & b-process
What is the Neutral Stimulus definition?
Stimulus not associated with the UR
What is the Unconditioned Stimulus definition?
Stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning
What is the Unconditioned Response definition?
Response that’s naturally elicited by the US without any prior learning
What is the Condition Stimulus definition?
Any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it’s been associated with unconditioned stimulus
What is the Conditioned Response definition?
Response, often similar to the US, that’s elicited by the CS
Out of all the Temporal Stimulus Arrangements which is the most effective?
Delayed Conditioning: Onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, & the two stimuli overlap.
What is Simultaneous conditioning?
The NS & US occurs simultaneously
Out of all the Temporal Stimulus Arrangements which is the least effective?
Backward conditioning
What is backward conditioning?
Onset of the NS follows the onset of the US.
What is extinction?
- The process where a CR can be weakened/eliminated when the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US
- The repeated presentation of the CS in the absence of the US
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
The reappearance of a conditioned response to a CS following a rest period after extinction
What is stimulus generalization?
Tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that’s similar to the CS
What is discrimination?
Tendency for the response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.
What is higher-order conditioning?
A stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS
Step 1: WASP : STING ——> FEAR
NS1 US UR
WASP —–> FEAR
CS1 CR
Step 2: TRASH BIN : WASP —–> FEAR
NS2 US UR
TRASH BIN ——> FEAR
CS2 CR
What is sensory preconditioning?
When one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus with which it was previously associated with can also become a CS.
Step 1: TOOL SHED : WASP
NS2 NS1
Step 2: WASP : STING ——> FEAR
NS1 US UR
WASP —–> FEAR
CS1 CR
Step 3: TOOL SHED —–> FEAR
CS2 CR
What is the difference between higher-order and sensory preconditioning?
There is no previous association in higher-order
What is overshadowing?
- Compound stimulus is conditioned to a US, which elicits a UR
- Not all stimuli are equally salient
- More salient stimulus becomes the stronger CS & interferes conditioning
What is blocking?
The presence of an established CS interferes with conditioning of a new CS
- There’s a history with CS
First: NS becomes CS
Second: [CS + NS} = compound stimulus
Third: Each member of compound stimulus displayed separately ….
CS –> CR
NS –> Nothing
What is latent inhibition?
Unfamiliar stimulus is more readily conditioned as a CS than a familiar stimulus.
What is the S-S Model?
Stimulus Stimulus
NS is directly associated with US
What is the S-R Model?
Stimulus Response
NS directly relates to the UR
What is the compensatory-response model?
A CS that have been repeatedly associated with a primary response (a-process) to a US will eventually come to elicit a compensatory response (b-process)
The compensatory-response model is most similar to what theory?
Opponent-Process Theory
Phobias are an example of which conditioning process gone too far?
Overgeneralization.
Fear response to one event has become overgeneralized to other harmless events
What individual differences and evolutionary predispositions can affect the development of phobias?
Observational learning
Temperament: Emotionality & Reactivity
Preparedness: Genetically based predisposition to learn certain kinds of associations more easily than others
History of control: history of being able to control important events in one’s environment.
What 3 systematic desensitization procedures did Wolpe develop?
- Training in relaxation
- Creation of a hierarchy of imaginary scenes that elicit progressively intense levels of fear
- Pairing of each item in the hierarchy with relaxation
What is systematic desensitization?
Behavioral treatment for phobias
Pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increase levels of fear
What is counter conditioning?
A CS elicits one type of response that’s associated with an event that elicits an incompatible response
What is reciprocal inhibition?
Certain responses are incompatible with each other, and the occurrence of one response necessarily inhibits the other.
What is flooding?
prolonged exposure to fears stimulus
What are the two types of flooding?
Imaginal: visualize fear
In Vivo: Literally and physical exposed to fear
Regarding systematic desensitization, what is counterconditioning?
CS elicits one type of response and is associated with an event that elicits an incompatible response.
