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Pharmacology > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 phases of the drug investigative process?

A
  1. Preclincal investigation- involves extensive lab research
  2. Clinical Investigation- tests are preformed on volunteers to determine proper dosage and adverse effects
  3. NDA Review- the drugs brand name is finalized
  4. Postmarketing studies- survey for harmful effects in a larger population
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2
Q

What are examples of attenuated vaccines? “ROME is my best place to yell”

A 
-Measles, mumps, rubella
Rubella
Oral polio vaccine
Measles
Epidemic typhus
Influenza
Mumps
BCG
Plague
Typhoid oral vaccine
Yellow Fever
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3
Q

What are examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

Hepatitis A

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4
Q

What are examples of toxoid vaccines?

A

Tetanus and diphtheria

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5
Q

Interferons (explain)

  • mechanism of action
  • use
  • adverse effects
A

-help to boost patients immune system
-MoA: slows activity of viral infection; enhance activity of leukocytes
-Use: primarily used with cancer treatments, viral infections, herpes simplex
Adverse effects: flu-like symptoms and bone marrow suppression
increase in liver enzymes

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6
Q

What diseases are interferon alpha used with?

A

Leukemia, AIDS, and hepatits.

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7
Q

Clyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral, Gengraf)

  • classification
  • use
  • mechanism of action
A

*Black box warning because of risk for infection
Class: Immunosuppresor; calineurin inhibitor
Use: Primarily used for transplant rejection
MoA: Inhibits helper T cells

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8
Q

Where are H1 and H2 receptors located?

A

H1-smooth muscles (lungs, sensory nerves, heart)

H2-stomach

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9
Q

NSAID’s

  • max dose
  • adverse effects
  • mechanism of action
  • prototype drug
A
  • Max dose: 3200 mg/day
  • have anti-pyretic components (fever)
  • Adverse effects: GI issues, long term use effects the kidneys (renal function)
  • MoA: inhibit prostaglandin synthesis (prostaglandins are lipids found in tissue; cause inflammation)
  • Prototype: Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others)
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10
Q

Aspirin

  • mechanism of action
  • normal dose (adult and baby)
  • adverse effects
  • patient teaching
A
  • used mostly for heart problems; blood thinner
  • MoA: inhibits both COX-1 & COX-2
  • Dose: Adults->325 mg & Baby 81mg
  • Adverse Effects: GI (ulcers)
  • Patient teaching: take with food or milk (coating of the stomach); tinnitus (ringing of the ears) caused by high doses
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11
Q

Tylenol (acetaminophen)

  • mechanism of action
  • major issue
  • max dose
  • how supplied
  • adverse effects
  • things to monitor
A
  • *NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY; reduces fever**
  • MoA: reduce fever by direction action@ hypothalamus & dilation of peripheral blood vessels
  • Major issue: liver failure (excreted through the liver)
  • Max dose: 4,000mg/day
  • Supplied: 325mg and maximum strength is 500mg
  • Adverse Effects: enables sweating and dissipation of heat
  • Things to monitor: bilirubin levels & hepatic enzymes
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12
Q

Prednisone

  • class
  • mechanism of action
  • use
  • adverse effects
A
  • Class: corticosteroid
  • MoA: being metabolized to an active form of glucocorticoid
  • Use: primarily used to treat inflammation
  • Adverse Effects: suppresses adrenal gland function, hyperglycemia (pt on sliding scale insulin because of this)
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13
Q

Corticosteroid

  • use
  • mechanism of action
  • adverse effects
  • effect of long term therapy
A
  • Use: short term treatment of acute inflammation
  • MoA: suppresses histamine and prostaglandins
  • Adverse Effects: moon face, mood changes, suppress adrenal gland function, hyperglycemia, big appetite, electrolyte imbalance (mainly sodium)
  • Effects of long-term effect: Cushing’s syndrome (too much steroid)
  • *Can mask infection-> creates potential for existing infection to grow rapidly and undetected
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14
Q

Antibiotics

-mechanism of action

A

-MoA: disrupt bacterial cell wall

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15
Q

Penicillin

  • mechanism of action
  • use
  • adverse effect
  • contraindications
A
  • MoA: disrupts the bacterial cell wall (most effective on Gram+ bacteria)
  • Use: Pneumonia, meningitis, tetanus
  • Adverse effects: rash, lowered red/white blood cell and platelets levels
  • Contra: any kind of issues with the kidneys (secreted by the kidneys)
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16
Q

Cephlosporins (2nd generation to Penicillin)

  • mechanism of action
  • use
  • adverse effects
  • contraindications
A
  • MoA: disrupts the bacterial cell wall
  • Use: sinus infection, bladder infection
  • Adverse Effects: diarrhea
  • Contra: any kind of issues with the kidneys (secreted by the kidneys)
17
Q

Tetracycline

  • use
  • adverse effects
  • contraindications
  • avoid
A
  • Use: Rocky Mount spotted fever, lyme disease (tick-borne diseases), h. plyoric (ulcers)
  • Adverse Effects: GI upset, sunlight sensitivity, teeth discoloration
  • Contraindications: children under 8 years old
  • Avoid: do not take with milk or any iron supplements
18
Q

Genatmycin

  • use
  • route given
  • adverse effects
A
  • Use: serious infections
  • Route: only given IV (not absorbed through the GI tract); given over time (usually and hour)
  • Adverse Effects: respiratory issues, nephrotoxic (kidney), ototoxic (ear)
19
Q

Flagyl (Metronidaole)

  • class
  • mechanism of action
  • use
  • adverse effects
A
  • Class: antiprotozoal drug
  • MoA: antiprotozoal drug that ask has antibiotic activity against anaerobic bacteria
  • Use: treats most forms of amebiasis
  • Adverse Effects:excessive candidiasis (yeast infection)
20
Q

Fosamax (Alendronate)

  • class
  • use
  • mechanism of action
  • adverse effects
  • implications
A
  • Class: bisphosphonate; bone resorption inhibitor
  • Use: Prevent and treat osteoporosis; Piaget’s disease
  • MoA: lowers serum alkaline phosphate, and enzyme important to bone turnover (inhibits bone respiration)
  • Adverse Effects: erosive esophagitis
  • Implications: take 1-2 hours before eating or on an empty stomach, take with full glass of water, sit w/no activity for a min. of 30 minutes
21
Q

Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate

  • class)
  • use
  • adverse effects:
A
  • Class: modifying anti-rheumatic drug
  • Use: rheumatoid arthritis and lupus
  • Adverse Effects: anorexia, GI disturbances, loss of hair, possible ocular effects, headache, mood and mental changes
22
Q

Calcium supplements

  • recommended daily allowance
  • use
  • adverse effects
A
  • Daily allowance: 800-1200 mg/day
  • Use: prevent and treat mild hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, Piaget’s disease, chronic hypoparathyroidism
  • Adverse Effects: hypercalcemia, hypotension (from IV administration), bradycardia, dysrthmias, cardiac arrest
23
Q

Definition of gout.

A

Form of acute arthritis characterized by a buildup or uric acid in blood or joint cavities.

24
Q

Symptoms of gout

A
  • muscle spasms
  • localized pain and stiffness
  • joint and bone enlargement
  • red swollen tissue (often in big toes, ankles, fingers, wrists, knees, and elbows)
25
Q

Medications for gout.

  • classification
  • 2 types used and why
  • mechanism of action
  • use
  • adverse effects
  • prototype
A
  • Classification: uric acid inhibitor
  • 2 types: NSAID’s for pain and inflammation & corticosteroids for severe pain and inflammation
  • MoA:inhibits synthesis of microtubules; subcellular structures responsible for helping white blood cells infiltrate area
  • Use: to reduce inflammation associated with cute goutry arthritis
  • Adverse Effects: rash, hypersensitivity. headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort
  • Prototype:Allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim)
26
Q

Medications for psoriasis

  • 3 topical therapies
  • what is prescribed when topical form fails
  • prescribed for sever conditions
  • biological therapies
A
  • 3 Topical: corticosteroids, immunomodulators (TIMS- suppress the immune system), and Retinoid-like compounds
  • When topical fails: Methotrexate (and Trexall)
  • Sever conditions: Cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral)
  • Biological therapies: alefacept (Amevive), adalimumab (Humira)
27
Q

Sunburn Treatment

-topical anesthetics

A
  • Topical anesthetics: benzocaine (Solarcaine), dibucaine (Nupercainal), lidocaine (Xylocaine, and tetracaine HCl (Pontocaine)
  • Aloe vera is also popular
28
Q

Treatment for lice

  • type classifications
  • mechanism of action
  • use
  • adverse effects
  • contraindication
  • prototype
A
  • Classification: scabicides, Pediculicides
  • MoA: kills head and crab lice and mites and eradicate their ova
  • Use: marketed as lotion; 1% is approved for lice and 5% for mites
  • Adverse Effects: cause few systemic side effect; location reactions include pruritus, rash, transient tingling, burning, stinging, and edema
  • Contra: pt’s with history of seizures when using Lindane (Kwell)
  • Prototype: Permethrin (Acitin, Elimite, Nix), Lindane (Kwell), Crotamiton (Eurax) and Ivermectin (Sklice)
29
Q

Drugs for Glaucoma

-2 classifications

A

-2 Class’: Prostaglandins and Beta-adrenergic Blocker

30
Q

Xalatan (Iatanoprost)

  • classification
  • mechanism of action
  • use
  • adverse effecrs
A
  • Class:Prostaglandin
  • MoA: reduce IOP by increasing outflow of aqueous humor
  • Use: treat open-angle glaucoma
  • Adverse effects: patients complain of “burning-like” sensation
31
Q

Timolol

  • classification
  • mechanism of action
  • use
  • adverse effect
  • contraindications
A
  • Class: Beta-adrenergic Blocker
  • MoA: reduces formation of aqueous humor
  • Use: reduce elevated intraocular pressure in chronic open-angle glaucoma
  • Adverse Effects: local burning and stinging upon instillation
  • Contra: asthma, COPD (any breathing issues)
32
Q

Side effects of Corticosteroids

“Cushingoid”

A 
Cataracts
Ulcers
Skin thinning, bruising and stiae
Hyperglycemia/hypertension/hirsutism
Infections
Necrosis
Glycouria
Osteoporosis, Obesity
Immunosuppression
Diabetes

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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