Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Number of new species identified per day
50
9 Properties of life
“orangutans say read and get real heavenly euphoric eclairs”
Order, sensitivity, reproduction, adaptation, growth, regulation, hemostasis, energy processing, evolution
Hemostasis
Set of processes by which an organism keeps it’s internal conditions within tolerable ranges to sustain life
Example of hemostasis
Blood clotting
Negative feedback
Stimulus and response go in opposite directions
Example of negative feedback
Body temperature or cruise control on a vehicle
Positive feedback
Stimulus and response go in same direction until a specific outcome is achieved
Example of positive feedback
Pregnancy, milk letting, blood clotting
12 levels of organizations of life
Atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
New properties present at one level that aren’t seen in previous levels
Emergent properties
My toaster doesn’t toast my bread
Observation
Example of observation
My toaster doesn’t toast my bread
Why doesn’t my toaster work?
Question
There is something wrong with the electrical outlet
Hypothesis
If something is wrong with the outlet, my coffee maker also won’t work when plugged into it
Prediction
I plugged my coffee maker into the outlet
Experiment
My coffee maker works
Result or conclusion
Three types of variables
Independent, dependent, controlled
I control the variable/what I change in the experiment
Independent variable (stirring)
It will change but it’s not what I control. Dependent on independent variable.
Dependent variable (IE, sugar dissolves)
Control anything that will influence your results
Controlled variables (IE, Tea stirred, temperature and type)
Modification of a species over generations/traits from parent of offspring
Evolution
Two forms of reproduction and determining evolutionary similarity
Asexual and sexual
Offspring are clones/offspring arise from one parent
Asexual
Offspring arise from two parents and inherit jeans from both
Sexual
True or False: homogulous structures are the result of divergent evolution
True
Example of divergent evolution
Bone structure/forearms
True or false: analogous structures are convergent evolution (not closely related)
True
Example of analogous structures (similar looking structure but different environments)
Wings: birds, mammals, fish, insects
Has mass and occupy space: All matter is comprised of atoms
Matter
Smallest unit of an element
Atom
Pure substance that consists only of atoms with same number of protons
Element (. Periodic table)
Average number of mass of protons plus neutrons allowing for relative abundances of different isotypes
Atomic mass unit
Where is the atomic number found on the periodic table?
Upper left corner of symbol box
Where is the atomic symbol found?
In the middle of the atomic box
Where is the atomic mass found on the periodic table box
Middle/Underneath the atomic symbol
This has a positive charge and mass of 1 AMU
Proton
This has no charge and a mass of 1 amu
Neutron
This has a negative charge and 1/2000 the mass of a proton 0 amu
Electron
Four major elements of the human body
“HONC”: HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, CARBON
Dark purple color on the periodic table
Noble gas
Light color purple on the periodic table
Halogen
Red color on the periodic table
Alkaline metals
Yellow color on the periodic table
Transition metals (10 rows)
Orange color on the periodic table
Alkaline earth metals
Blue color on the periodic table
Nonmetals
True or false: elements are grouped by the number of valence electrons which determines the chemical properties of the element
True
Reactions that involve building a more complex product, two elements molecules are compounds joined to form a more complex compound
Synthesis
Original molecules
Reactants
Molecules resulting from reaction
Products
Reactions which involve breaking down or breaking apart
Decomposition/catabolic
Reactions which involve breaking down or breaking apart
Decomposition/catabolic
Reaction in which the atoms exchange partners
Exchange reactions
During some chemical reactions electrons can be transferred from one atom to another/cellular respirations
Redox reactions
During some chemical reactions electrons can be transferred from one atom to another/cellular respirations
Redox reactions
Reactions occur from the loss of electrons
Oxidation
Reactions occur when electrons or hydrogen are gained
Reduction
Five properties of water
High specific heat; high heat of vaporization; solid water is less dense than liquid water; good solvent; organizes nonpolar molecules
pH, acid, base, buffers
Acids and bases
“PVT Tim Hall’
Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan. Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine. Histidine, Argnine, Leucine, Lysine.
How many amino acids are there
20 (9 are essential acids)
4 levels of protein structure synthesis
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Subunit of a polymer
Monomer
Consists of multiple monomers linked together
Polymer
What are the four basic categories for organic compounds
Water, salts, many acids and bases
What are the four basic categories for monomers
Simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
For basic categories for polymer
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structure
Isomer
One or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
Isotope
The 3 manosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
The 3 disaccharides
Maltos, sucrose, lactose
The 3 polysaccharides
Amylose, cellulose, glycogen + chitin
What are the 4 fat soluble items
Vitamin A, D, E, K
Vitamin A
B-carotine
Vitamin D
Needed for Ca2+ absorption
Vitamin E
Antioxidant
Vitamin K
Normal blood clotting
True or false about amino acids: each had the same structure of a central carbon atom with a single hydrogen, carboxyl group, and amino group and a side “R” group
True
True or false regarding proteins / amino acids: Only the”R” groups changes
True
Bond between amino group of 1 amino acid and the carboxyl group of another
Peptide bond
Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Polypeptide
What are the 4 levels of protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What is the first function level of protein structure
Tertiary structure
This unfolds and no longer fulfills function when exposed to temperature and pH extremes, heavy metals and other toxins (non-functional)
Denaturation
True or false: denaturation is reversible and irreversible
True
Category of water repellent and lubricating secretions in plants and animals
Waxes (ear wax)
Greasy or oily nonpolar organic molecules often with one or more fatty acid tails
Lipids
Categories of lipids
Waxes, steroids, immune components, vitamins, cellular membranes, triglycerides
Consumed in diet & stored in adipose.
Triglyceride
True or false: Trigliceride fats are most abundant source of energy invertebrates and are stored in adipose tissue that insulates and protects the body and organs
True
True or false: triglyceride has three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone
True
This has 17 carbon atoms but in a ring structure with a carbon tail
Steroid
True or false: a steroid is a type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails
True
Three nucleic acids
Monomer, polymer, Supra molecular
Nucleotide
Monomer
DNA
Polymer
Chromatin
Supra molecular structure
Source of immediate energy for cellular work
ATP
