Chapter 2: Organic Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of organic chemistry?
A
The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.
2
Q
True or False: Organic chemistry only deals with compounds containing carbon.
A
True
3
Q
What type of bond holds carbon atoms together in organic compounds?
A
Covalent bond
4
Q
What is the process called when a molecule loses a water molecule?
A
Dehydration reaction
5
Q
What is the process called when a molecule gains a water molecule?
A
Hydration reaction
6
Q
What is the name of the reaction where a double bond in an alkene is converted to a single bond with the addition of hydrogen?
A
Hydrogenation
7
Q
What is the process called when a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water?
A
Hydrolysis
8
Q
What is the process called when two molecules combine to form a larger molecule and a smaller molecule is eliminated?
A
Condensation reaction
9
Q
What is the name of the reaction where an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water?
A
Esterification
10
Q
What is the name of the reaction where a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water?
A
Hydrolysis
11
Q
What is the name of the reaction where an alkyl halide reacts with a nucleophile to form a new carbon-nucleophile bond?
A
Nucleophilic substitution
12
Q
What is the name of the reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule?
A
Condensation reaction
13
Q
What is the name of the reaction where a molecule is oxidized by the loss of hydrogen?
A
Oxidation
14
Q
What is the name of the reaction where a molecule is reduced by the gain of hydrogen?
A
Reduction
15
Q
Has mass and occupy space
A
Matter
16
Q
Smallest unit of an element
A
Atom
17
Q
Protons, neutrons and electrons
A
Components of an atom
18
Q
What is at the center of an atom
A
Nucleus
19
Q
Nucleus consists of…
A
Proton (positive charge/1amu and neutron (neutral charge/1amu(
20
Q
Amu
A
Atomic mass unit
21
Q
What can cancel out a positive charge in a proton
A
Electron (0 amu)
22
Q
What balances protons
A
Electrons (e)
23
Q
Outermost electron shell
A
Valence Shell
24
Q
Pure substance that consists only of atoms with same number of protons
A
Element
25
True or false: The number of protons determine what you're looking at
True
26
Top four organic elements found in a living organism
"HONC": hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
27
Red group of periodic table
Alkaline metals
28
Orange group of periodic table
Alkaline earth metals
29
Yellow portion of periodic table
Transition metals (10 rows)
30
Purple portion of periodic table
Noble gas
31
Light purple portion of periodic table
Halogen
32
Blue portion of periodic table
Four gases: hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon (HONC)
33
True or false: elements are grouped by the number of valence electrons which determines the chemical properties of the element
True
34
Average number of mass of protons plus neutrons allowing for relative abundances of different isotypes
Atomic mass
35
Forms of an element that have equal number of protons and electrons but different in number of neutrons
Isotypes
36
True or false: atomic mass changes but not the chemical properties nor the charge
True
37
Time it takes for 1/2 of atoms in a sample decay
Half life
38
Molecules with same molecular formula but different chemical structures
Isomers
39
When number of electrons change there is an overall charge to the atoms creating ions. This is called:
Ion (unevenly charged particles)
40
More protons than electrons that equal negative positive charge
Cations
41
Fewer protons than electrons that net negative charge
Anions
42
True or false: nucleus consists of protons and neutrons
True
43
This has a positive charge and mass of 1 AMU
Proton )subatomic particle)
44
This has no charge and a mass of 1 AMU
Neutron s (subatomic particle)
45
Contain electrons that orbit the nucleus & lower electron shells fill first
Electron shells
46
This has a negative charge and 1/2000 the mass of a proton (0 amu)
Electrons
47
What are the molecules with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures?
Isomers
48
What are the forms of an element that have equal number of protons and electrons but different in the number of neutrons?
ISO types
49
What are the forms of an element that have unequal number of electrons?
Ion s
50
What is an atom called if there are more protons than electrons?
Cation
51
What is the atom called if there are less protons and electrons?
Anion
52
This forms molecules via the complete transfer or sharing of electrons in a manner to complete or fill the outer electron shell
Chemical bonds
53
Complete transfer of an electron creates a strong attraction between ions of opposite charge
Ionic bond
54
Two atoms sharing electrons
Covalent bond
55
Attraction between particle charges on polar molecules
Hydrogen bond
56
This is a very weak bond individually but very powerful collectively
Hydrogen bond
57
Formed by attraction of oppositely charged ions
Ionic bond (is. Table salt)
58
These are when Atoms share two or more valence electrons in order to satisfy the octet rule
Covalent bonds
59
True or false: The strength of the covalent bond depends on the number of shared electrons?
True
60
Equal sharing of balance electrons based on equal electronegativity of the two atoms
Nonpolar covalent bonds (ie, twins)
61
Unequal sharing of electrons, inert, based on differing electronegativity of two atoms
Polar covalent bonds
62
Within a water molecule, the covalent bonds between the O2 atoms and hydrogen atoms are highly polar
Water
63
True or false: 02 is much more electronegative than hydrogen
True
64
This forms between the partial negative charge of an O2 atom from one molecule of water and the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom from a nearby molecule of water
Hydrogen
65
True or false: Life is in extricably tied to water
True
66
True or false: The single most outstanding chemical property of water is its ability to form hydrogen bonds
True
67
True or false: hydrogen bonds are responsible for the amazing properties of water that tie it so closely to life
True
68
What are the two properties of hydrogen bonds?
Cohesion and adhesion
69
What is an example of cohesion?
Dew on a plant. (allows bugs to walk on water)
70
What is an example of adhesion?
When water molecules form an attachment to environment it is next to
71
What are the 7 properties of water?
High specific heat, high heat of vaporization, less dense solid form, good polar solvent, increased surface tension, organizes non-polar molecules, forms ions
72
Requires large amount of energy to change temperature of water
High specific heat
73
Evaporation of water from a surface causing cooling of the surface (sweating)
High heat of vaporization
74
Ice floats in water, example
Less dense solid form
75
Water dissolves polar molecules and brings them into solution
Good polar solvent
76
True or false: good polar solvent is the key to how our blood chemistry works
True
77
Cohesion between water molecules/allows bugs to walk on water, or water through a straw
Increased surface tension
78
Water causes hydrophobic molecules to aggregate or assume specific shapes
Organizes non-polar molecules
79
True or false: organizes non-polar molecules is the key to the entire membrane system
True
80
Important molecules in pH
Forms ions: H2o-OH-H+
81
The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion is called..
Inductive reasoning
82
What is a philogeny a description of?
Evolutionary history
83
What do scientists in the field of systematics accomplish?
Organizing classify organisms
84
True or false: There are more domains than kingdoms? (Taxonomic classification system)
True
85
True or false: chimpanzees and humans evolved from a common ancestor
True
86
An example of animals with hair
Amniota
87
Which evolved first: hair or the amniotic egg?
Amniotic egg
88
True or false: analogies are derived by response to similar environmental pressures.
True
89
What kind of trait is important to cladistics?
Shared ancestral traits
90
True or false: organisms that are a part of the same clade evolved from a shared ancestor
True
91
True or false: a cladistic speciation can produce one, two, or three new species
False
92
A monophyletic group is a....
Clade
93
The most specific category of classification
Species
94
Equal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar
95
Unequal sharing of electrons
Polar
96
True or false: chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds
True
97
True or false: Atoms shift from one molecule to another without any change in number or identity of atoms
True
98
What are reactants in a chemical reaction?
Original molecules
99
What are products in a chemical reaction?
Molecules resulting from reaction
100
Reactions that involve building a more complex product
Synthesis
101
Reactions in which the atoms exchange partners
Exchange reactions
102
During some chemical reactions, electrons can be transferred from one atom to another
Redox reaction s
103
This occurs from the loss of electrons or hydrogen or the gain of O2
Oxidation reaction
104
This occurs when electrons or hydrogen are gained or there is a loss of O2
Reduction reaction
105
"LEO"
Loss of electrons
106
"GER"
Gained electron reaction
107
The rate of chemical reaction, temperature is increased or decreased?
Increased
108
The rate of chemical reaction, concentration of reactants, increases or decreases?
Increases
109
The rate of chemical reaction, concentration of products, increases or decreases?
Decreases
110
The rate of chemical reaction, catalysts to enzymes, increases or decreases?
Increases
111
The rate of chemical reaction, pH acidity, increases or decreases?
Both
112
True or false: many chemical reactions are reversible
True
113
Is photosynthesis energy in or energy out?
Energy in
114
Is aerobic respiration, energy in or energy out?
Energy out
115
At any substance that dis associates in water to increase the hydrogen ions
Acid or hydraulic acid
116
Any substance that combines with hydrogen ions dissolved in water thus decreasing the hydrogen ions in solution and raising the pH
Base (ie, baking soda)
117
Three aspects of pure water
Considered neutral, pH equals 7, neither acidic or basic
118
Items related to living organisms and are around neutral
Milk, saliva, blood, tears
119
Substance that resists change in pH
Buffer
120
This happens to hydrogen ions when a base is added
Releases
121
This happens two hydrogen ions when acid is added
Absorbs
122
True or false: a buffer is an overall effect of keeping hydrogen ions relatively constant
True
123
Bicarbonate buffer system
Releases or accepts hydrogen ions. (ie, lungs and kidneys)
124
Creates surface tension
Cohesion
125
Attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substance
Adhesion
126
Describe a substance that dissolves in water, water loving
Hydropholic
127
A scale ranging from 0 to 14 then measures the approximate concentration of hydrogen ions of a substance
pH scale
128
A storage carbohydrate in animals
Glycogen
129
Long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Polypeptide
130
Biological macromolecule that carries genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell
Nucleic acid
131
Two types of metabolism
Anabolism and catabolism
132
Two types of reactions
Dehydration and hydrolysis
133
Four main biological macromolecules of life
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid/ATP
134
Examples of inorganic compounds
Water, salts, many acids and bases
135
Examples of organic compounds
Water, salts, many acids and bases, carbon-usually large, covalently bonded, organic- living or once was living
136
Smaller subunit that linked together the larger and more complex polymer
Monomer
137
Examples of monomers
Simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides (gluclose- fructose- sucrose)
138
Consists of multiple monomers
Polymer
139
Examples of a polymer
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
140
This consists of many glucose linked together
Glycogen
141
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical struct
Isomer
142
Enzymes break apart, tear down polymers into component monomers
Catabolism
143
Enzymes also create polymers from a component monomers; build up; synthesis reaction (IE, steroids)
Anabolism
144
Complex of physical and chemical processes within a living cell or organism necessary for the maintenance of life
Metabolism
145
A collection of all processes necessary for life
Metabolism
146
A process by which an enzyme builds a large molecules, polymers, from smaller subunits, monomers, by removing a water molecule
Dehydration reaction (water removed)
147
Process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule, polymer, into smaller subunits, monomers, with the addition of a water molecule
Hydrolysis reaction (to split water)
148
Three examples of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide (glucose), disaccharide (maltose) , polysaccharide (cellulose)
149
Pentos sugar/forms backbone and RNA
Ribose
150
Pentose sugar that forms back bone in DNA
Deoxyribose
151
Monosaccharide of blood sugar
Glucose
152
Carb energy storage laid down in liver
Glycogen
153
Plant cell walls
Cellulose
154
Plant cell walls
Cellulose
155
Forms exoskeleton and animals (crabs and snails)
Chitin
156
Forms exoskeleton and animals (crabs and snails)
Chitin
157
Storage of carbs in plants (potatoes)
Starch
158
True or false: carbs do not have nitrogen
True
159
Molecules that consist primarily of carbon hydrogen and O2 atoms
Carbs
160
True or false: carbs are a major source of cellular fuel
True
161
True or false: cells used carbs for energy and structural materials
True
162
Example of a saccharide
Sugar
163
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose-fructose- galactose
164
Examples of disaccharides
Maltos-sucrose-lactose
165
Examples of polysaccharides
Amylose (storage), cellulose (structural), glycogen (storage), chitin (structural)
166
What are the backbone sugars of DNA and RNA
Ribose and deoxyribose
167
Example of sucrose
Table sugar
168
Example of lactose
Milk sugar
169
Example of maltose
Bread sugar
170
Many monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
171
Long chains of sugars used for energy storage or structural support
Polysaccharides
172
Plants use what kind of energy storage
Starch / amylose
173
Animals use what kind of energy storage
Glycogen / stored in the liver
174
True or false: glycogen is stored in the liver
True
175
What kind of structural support do plants use
Cellulose
176
What kind of structural support do animals use
Chitin (exoskeleton/crabs)
177
True or false: when a word ends with "ase" It equals enzyme
True
178
Chains of amino acids
Proteins
179
True or false: The function of proteins depends on its structure
True
180
Protein channels control nervous signaling
Nervous system
181
Formed by protein keratin
Hair and nails
182
Proteins that increase the rate of reaction
Enzymes
183
Protein hemoglobin carries O2
Blood
184
Proteins on and in cells that send important signals
Cellular managers
185
Proteins that help defend the body against invaders
Antibodies
186
Protein filament action and myosin form muscles
Muscles
187
Ribosoms / rRNA & proteins
Molecular machinery
188
The three parts of a nucleotide structure
Five carbon sugar, nitrogen, phosphate groups
189
The difference between DNA and RNA
DNA has a double helix/holds entire genetic code, found only in nucleus. RNA has a single strand/ribose, found in nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell, short protein synthesis
190
What is the main energy carrier for life
Atp
