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(Bio 156) Exam 1- Study Guide > Chapter 2: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of organic chemistry?

A

The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.

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2
Q

True or False: Organic chemistry only deals with compounds containing carbon.

A

True

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3
Q

What type of bond holds carbon atoms together in organic compounds?

A

Covalent bond

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4
Q

What is the process called when a molecule loses a water molecule?

A

Dehydration reaction

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5
Q

What is the process called when a molecule gains a water molecule?

A

Hydration reaction

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6
Q

What is the name of the reaction where a double bond in an alkene is converted to a single bond with the addition of hydrogen?

A

Hydrogenation

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7
Q

What is the process called when a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water?

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

What is the process called when two molecules combine to form a larger molecule and a smaller molecule is eliminated?

A

Condensation reaction

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9
Q

What is the name of the reaction where an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water?

A

Esterification

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10
Q

What is the name of the reaction where a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water?

A

Hydrolysis

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11
Q

What is the name of the reaction where an alkyl halide reacts with a nucleophile to form a new carbon-nucleophile bond?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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12
Q

What is the name of the reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule?

A

Condensation reaction

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13
Q

What is the name of the reaction where a molecule is oxidized by the loss of hydrogen?

A

Oxidation

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14
Q

What is the name of the reaction where a molecule is reduced by the gain of hydrogen?

A

Reduction

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15
Q

Has mass and occupy space

A

Matter

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16
Q

Smallest unit of an element

A

Atom

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17
Q

Protons, neutrons and electrons

A

Components of an atom

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18
Q

What is at the center of an atom

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Nucleus consists of…

A

Proton (positive charge/1amu and neutron (neutral charge/1amu(

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20
Q

Amu

A

Atomic mass unit

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21
Q

What can cancel out a positive charge in a proton

A

Electron (0 amu)

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22
Q

What balances protons

A

Electrons (e)

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23
Q

Outermost electron shell

A

Valence Shell

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24
Q

Pure substance that consists only of atoms with same number of protons

A

Element

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25
Q

True or false: The number of protons determine what you’re looking at

A

True

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26
Q

Top four organic elements found in a living organism

A

“HONC”: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

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27
Q

Red group of periodic table

A

Alkaline metals

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28
Q

Orange group of periodic table

A

Alkaline earth metals

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29
Q

Yellow portion of periodic table

A

Transition metals (10 rows)

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30
Q

Purple portion of periodic table

A

Noble gas

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31
Q

Light purple portion of periodic table

A

Halogen

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32
Q

Blue portion of periodic table

A

Four gases: hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon (HONC)

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33
Q

True or false: elements are grouped by the number of valence electrons which determines the chemical properties of the element

A

True

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34
Q

Average number of mass of protons plus neutrons allowing for relative abundances of different isotypes

A

Atomic mass

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35
Q

Forms of an element that have equal number of protons and electrons but different in number of neutrons

A

Isotypes

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36
Q

True or false: atomic mass changes but not the chemical properties nor the charge

A

True

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37
Q

Time it takes for 1/2 of atoms in a sample decay

A

Half life

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38
Q

Molecules with same molecular formula but different chemical structures

A

Isomers

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39
Q

When number of electrons change there is an overall charge to the atoms creating ions. This is called:

A

Ion (unevenly charged particles)

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40
Q

More protons than electrons that equal negative positive charge

A

Cations

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41
Q

Fewer protons than electrons that net negative charge

A

Anions

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42
Q

True or false: nucleus consists of protons and neutrons

A

True

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43
Q

This has a positive charge and mass of 1 AMU

A

Proton )subatomic particle)

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44
Q

This has no charge and a mass of 1 AMU

A

Neutron s (subatomic particle)

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45
Q

Contain electrons that orbit the nucleus & lower electron shells fill first

A

Electron shells

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46
Q

This has a negative charge and 1/2000 the mass of a proton (0 amu)

A

Electrons

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47
Q

What are the molecules with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures?

A

Isomers

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48
Q

What are the forms of an element that have equal number of protons and electrons but different in the number of neutrons?

A

ISO types

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49
Q

What are the forms of an element that have unequal number of electrons?

A

Ion s

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50
Q

What is an atom called if there are more protons than electrons?

A

Cation

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51
Q

What is the atom called if there are less protons and electrons?

A

Anion

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52
Q

This forms molecules via the complete transfer or sharing of electrons in a manner to complete or fill the outer electron shell

A

Chemical bonds

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53
Q

Complete transfer of an electron creates a strong attraction between ions of opposite charge

A

Ionic bond

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54
Q

Two atoms sharing electrons

A

Covalent bond

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55
Q

Attraction between particle charges on polar molecules

A

Hydrogen bond

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56
Q

This is a very weak bond individually but very powerful collectively

A

Hydrogen bond

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57
Q

Formed by attraction of oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic bond (is. Table salt)

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58
Q

These are when Atoms share two or more valence electrons in order to satisfy the octet rule

A

Covalent bonds

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59
Q

True or false: The strength of the covalent bond depends on the number of shared electrons?

A

True

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60
Q

Equal sharing of balance electrons based on equal electronegativity of the two atoms

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds (ie, twins)

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61
Q

Unequal sharing of electrons, inert, based on differing electronegativity of two atoms

A

Polar covalent bonds

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62
Q

Within a water molecule, the covalent bonds between the O2 atoms and hydrogen atoms are highly polar

A

Water

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63
Q

True or false: 02 is much more electronegative than hydrogen

A

True

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64
Q

This forms between the partial negative charge of an O2 atom from one molecule of water and the partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom from a nearby molecule of water

A

Hydrogen

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65
Q

True or false: Life is in extricably tied to water

A

True

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66
Q

True or false: The single most outstanding chemical property of water is its ability to form hydrogen bonds

A

True

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67
Q

True or false: hydrogen bonds are responsible for the amazing properties of water that tie it so closely to life

A

True

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68
Q

What are the two properties of hydrogen bonds?

A

Cohesion and adhesion

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69
Q

What is an example of cohesion?

A

Dew on a plant. (allows bugs to walk on water)

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70
Q

What is an example of adhesion?

A

When water molecules form an attachment to environment it is next to

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71
Q

What are the 7 properties of water?

A

High specific heat, high heat of vaporization, less dense solid form, good polar solvent, increased surface tension, organizes non-polar molecules, forms ions

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72
Q

Requires large amount of energy to change temperature of water

A

High specific heat

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73
Q

Evaporation of water from a surface causing cooling of the surface (sweating)

A

High heat of vaporization

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74
Q

Ice floats in water, example

A

Less dense solid form

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75
Q

Water dissolves polar molecules and brings them into solution

A

Good polar solvent

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76
Q

True or false: good polar solvent is the key to how our blood chemistry works

A

True

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77
Q

Cohesion between water molecules/allows bugs to walk on water, or water through a straw

A

Increased surface tension

78
Q

Water causes hydrophobic molecules to aggregate or assume specific shapes

A

Organizes non-polar molecules

79
Q

True or false: organizes non-polar molecules is the key to the entire membrane system

A

True

80
Q

Important molecules in pH

A

Forms ions: H2o-OH-H+

81
Q

The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion is called..

A

Inductive reasoning

82
Q

What is a philogeny a description of?

A

Evolutionary history

83
Q

What do scientists in the field of systematics accomplish?

A

Organizing classify organisms

84
Q

True or false: There are more domains than kingdoms? (Taxonomic classification system)

A

True

85
Q

True or false: chimpanzees and humans evolved from a common ancestor

A

True

86
Q

An example of animals with hair

A

Amniota

87
Q

Which evolved first: hair or the amniotic egg?

A

Amniotic egg

88
Q

True or false: analogies are derived by response to similar environmental pressures.

A

True

89
Q

What kind of trait is important to cladistics?

A

Shared ancestral traits

90
Q

True or false: organisms that are a part of the same clade evolved from a shared ancestor

A

True

91
Q

True or false: a cladistic speciation can produce one, two, or three new species

A

False

92
Q

A monophyletic group is a….

A

Clade

93
Q

The most specific category of classification

A

Species

94
Q

Equal sharing of electrons

A

Nonpolar

95
Q

Unequal sharing of electrons

A

Polar

96
Q

True or false: chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds

A

True

97
Q

True or false: Atoms shift from one molecule to another without any change in number or identity of atoms

A

True

98
Q

What are reactants in a chemical reaction?

A

Original molecules

99
Q

What are products in a chemical reaction?

A

Molecules resulting from reaction

100
Q

Reactions that involve building a more complex product

A

Synthesis

101
Q

Reactions in which the atoms exchange partners

A

Exchange reactions

102
Q

During some chemical reactions, electrons can be transferred from one atom to another

A

Redox reaction s

103
Q

This occurs from the loss of electrons or hydrogen or the gain of O2

A

Oxidation reaction

104
Q

This occurs when electrons or hydrogen are gained or there is a loss of O2

A

Reduction reaction

105
Q

“LEO”

A

Loss of electrons

106
Q

“GER”

A

Gained electron reaction

107
Q

The rate of chemical reaction, temperature is increased or decreased?

A

Increased

108
Q

The rate of chemical reaction, concentration of reactants, increases or decreases?

A

Increases

109
Q

The rate of chemical reaction, concentration of products, increases or decreases?

A

Decreases

110
Q

The rate of chemical reaction, catalysts to enzymes, increases or decreases?

A

Increases

111
Q

The rate of chemical reaction, pH acidity, increases or decreases?

A

Both

112
Q

True or false: many chemical reactions are reversible

A

True

113
Q

Is photosynthesis energy in or energy out?

A

Energy in

114
Q

Is aerobic respiration, energy in or energy out?

A

Energy out

115
Q

At any substance that dis associates in water to increase the hydrogen ions

A

Acid or hydraulic acid

116
Q

Any substance that combines with hydrogen ions dissolved in water thus decreasing the hydrogen ions in solution and raising the pH

A

Base (ie, baking soda)

117
Q

Three aspects of pure water

A

Considered neutral, pH equals 7, neither acidic or basic

118
Q

Items related to living organisms and are around neutral

A

Milk, saliva, blood, tears

119
Q

Substance that resists change in pH

A

Buffer

120
Q

This happens to hydrogen ions when a base is added

A

Releases

121
Q

This happens two hydrogen ions when acid is added

A

Absorbs

122
Q

True or false: a buffer is an overall effect of keeping hydrogen ions relatively constant

A

True

123
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system

A

Releases or accepts hydrogen ions. (ie, lungs and kidneys)

124
Q

Creates surface tension

A

Cohesion

125
Q

Attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substance

A

Adhesion

126
Q

Describe a substance that dissolves in water, water loving

A

Hydropholic

127
Q

A scale ranging from 0 to 14 then measures the approximate concentration of hydrogen ions of a substance

A

pH scale

128
Q

A storage carbohydrate in animals

A

Glycogen

129
Q

Long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

130
Q

Biological macromolecule that carries genetic information of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell

A

Nucleic acid

131
Q

Two types of metabolism

A

Anabolism and catabolism

132
Q

Two types of reactions

A

Dehydration and hydrolysis

133
Q

Four main biological macromolecules of life

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid/ATP

134
Q

Examples of inorganic compounds

A

Water, salts, many acids and bases

135
Q

Examples of organic compounds

A

Water, salts, many acids and bases, carbon-usually large, covalently bonded, organic- living or once was living

136
Q

Smaller subunit that linked together the larger and more complex polymer

A

Monomer

137
Q

Examples of monomers

A

Simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides (gluclose- fructose- sucrose)

138
Q

Consists of multiple monomers

A

Polymer

139
Q

Examples of a polymer

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

140
Q

This consists of many glucose linked together

A

Glycogen

141
Q

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical struct

A

Isomer

142
Q

Enzymes break apart, tear down polymers into component monomers

A

Catabolism

143
Q

Enzymes also create polymers from a component monomers; build up; synthesis reaction (IE, steroids)

A

Anabolism

144
Q

Complex of physical and chemical processes within a living cell or organism necessary for the maintenance of life

A

Metabolism

145
Q

A collection of all processes necessary for life

A

Metabolism

146
Q

A process by which an enzyme builds a large molecules, polymers, from smaller subunits, monomers, by removing a water molecule

A

Dehydration reaction (water removed)

147
Q

Process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule, polymer, into smaller subunits, monomers, with the addition of a water molecule

A

Hydrolysis reaction (to split water)

148
Q

Three examples of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide (glucose), disaccharide (maltose) , polysaccharide (cellulose)

149
Q

Pentos sugar/forms backbone and RNA

A

Ribose

150
Q

Pentose sugar that forms back bone in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

151
Q

Monosaccharide of blood sugar

A

Glucose

152
Q

Carb energy storage laid down in liver

A

Glycogen

153
Q

Plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

154
Q

Plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

155
Q

Forms exoskeleton and animals (crabs and snails)

A

Chitin

156
Q

Forms exoskeleton and animals (crabs and snails)

A

Chitin

157
Q

Storage of carbs in plants (potatoes)

A

Starch

158
Q

True or false: carbs do not have nitrogen

A

True

159
Q

Molecules that consist primarily of carbon hydrogen and O2 atoms

A

Carbs

160
Q

True or false: carbs are a major source of cellular fuel

A

True

161
Q

True or false: cells used carbs for energy and structural materials

A

True

162
Q

Example of a saccharide

A

Sugar

163
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose-fructose- galactose

164
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Maltos-sucrose-lactose

165
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Amylose (storage), cellulose (structural), glycogen (storage), chitin (structural)

166
Q

What are the backbone sugars of DNA and RNA

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

167
Q

Example of sucrose

A

Table sugar

168
Q

Example of lactose

A

Milk sugar

169
Q

Example of maltose

A

Bread sugar

170
Q

Many monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

A

Polysaccharides

171
Q

Long chains of sugars used for energy storage or structural support

A

Polysaccharides

172
Q

Plants use what kind of energy storage

A

Starch / amylose

173
Q

Animals use what kind of energy storage

A

Glycogen / stored in the liver

174
Q

True or false: glycogen is stored in the liver

A

True

175
Q

What kind of structural support do plants use

A

Cellulose

176
Q

What kind of structural support do animals use

A

Chitin (exoskeleton/crabs)

177
Q

True or false: when a word ends with “ase” It equals enzyme

A

True

178
Q

Chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

179
Q

True or false: The function of proteins depends on its structure

A

True

180
Q

Protein channels control nervous signaling

A

Nervous system

181
Q

Formed by protein keratin

A

Hair and nails

182
Q

Proteins that increase the rate of reaction

A

Enzymes

183
Q

Protein hemoglobin carries O2

A

Blood

184
Q

Proteins on and in cells that send important signals

A

Cellular managers

185
Q

Proteins that help defend the body against invaders

A

Antibodies

186
Q

Protein filament action and myosin form muscles

A

Muscles

187
Q

Ribosoms / rRNA & proteins

A

Molecular machinery

188
Q

The three parts of a nucleotide structure

A

Five carbon sugar, nitrogen, phosphate groups

189
Q

The difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA has a double helix/holds entire genetic code, found only in nucleus. RNA has a single strand/ribose, found in nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell, short protein synthesis

190
Q

What is the main energy carrier for life

A

Atp

(Bio 156) Exam 1- Study Guide (4 decks)

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