Chapter 1: The Study Of Life Flashcards
What is biology?
The study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environments.
True or False: All living organisms are made up of cells.
True
What is the basic unit of life?
The cell
Fill in the blank: The process by which living organisms obtain and use energy is called __________.
metabolism
What is the process by which living organisms evolve and adapt to their environments?
Natural selection
Fill in the blank: The genetic material of an organism is stored in its __________.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
True or False: All living organisms require oxygen to survive.
False
What is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy?
Photosynthesis
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
False
What is the term for the gradual change in a species over time?
Evolution
Fill in the blank: The theory that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells is called the __________ theory.
cell
True or False: Fungi are classified as plants.
False
Fill in the blank: The process by which living organisms reproduce and pass on their genetic information is called __________.
reproduction
What is the term for the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism?
Metabolism
True or False: All living organisms require water to survive.
True
What is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment?
Homeostasis
What is the term for the study of the structure and function of living organisms?
Anatomy and Physiology
What is a basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions
Atom
The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things
Cell
A set of populations inhabiting a particular area
Community
A form of logical thinking that uses a general statement to predict specific results
Deductive reasoning
The process of gradual change in a population that can also lead to new species of rising from older species
Evolution
The ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions
Homeostasis
A suggested explanation for an event which can be tested
Hypothesis
Able to be disproven by experimental results
Falsifiable
A form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion
Inductive reasoning
A large molecule typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules
Macromolecule
A chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond
Molecule
A field of science, such as biology, that studies living things
Life science
A field of science that studies the physical world, it’s phenomena, and processes
Natural science
A structure formed of tissues operating together to perform a common function
Organ
A membrane-bound compartment or sac within a cell
Organelle
An individual living entity
Organism
A scientific report that is reviewed by scientists colleagues before publication
Peer-reviewed article
A field of science, such as astronomy physics and chemistry, that studies non-living matter
Physical science
All individuals within a species living within a specific area
Population
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle
Prokaryote
A thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomenon
Scientific theory
A part of an experiment that can vary or change
Variable
The common thread throughout scientific research is the use of
The scientific method
Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most complex to the least complex level?
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, macromolecule, molecule, atom.
Stimulus and response go in opposite directions
Negative feedback
Stimulus and response go in same direction until a specific outcome is achieved
Positive feedback
12 levels of organization
Atom-molecule - macromolecule - cell - tissue - organ- organ system - organism - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere
Cover body surfaces and line internal cavities
Epithelial Tissues (skin)
Moves the body and its parts
Muscle (Heart/muscles)
Detect stimuli and relay information
Nervous system (brain / nerves)
Hold body parts together and provide structural support
Connective tissue (cartilage, blood, everything else)
Properties that emerge at each level of organization
Emergent properties
Scientific method chart
Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, result
A test to support or falsify a prediction based off hypothesis
Experiment
Any factor that can be controlled changed or measured
Variable
I control the variable/what I change in the experiment
Independent variable
It will change, but it’s not what I control. Dependent on independent variable
Dependent variable
Control anything that will influence your results
Controlled variables
Measurement of number of individual samples measured or observations recorded in experiment or survey
Sample size
Produce more reliable results reducing risk of deviation
Large samples
Thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena
Scientific theory
There are how many new species discovered every day
50
Who proposed evolution occurs by natural selection
Charles Darwin
Offspring are clones and a rise from one parent and inherit that parents genes only
Asexual
Offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both
Sexual
Nuclear cell division which chromosomes are replicated creating two identical daughter cells, necessary for growth and repair
Mitosis
Nuclear division that reduces chromone number by half to create four haploid cells, necessary for gamut production and reproduction of organism
Meiosis
Compares genomes or amino acid sequence of proteins of different organisms (hemoglobin)
Genetic
Compares similarities and differences in physical structures of different organisms
Physical
Result of divergent evolution (bone structure)
Homologous structures
Convergent evolution (not closely related, similar looking structure, different environments- ie., wings)
Analogous structures
Is digestion positive or negative feedback
Positive
Is blood sugar regulation positive or negative feedback
Negative feedback
Are nerve impulses positive or negative feedback?
Positive feedback
Is an apple orchard positive or negative feedback
Positive feedback
What are the three domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, Enkarya
What are the nine properties of life?
Order, sensitivity/response, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, evolution.
“Orangutans Say Read And Get Real Heavenly Euphoric Eclairs.”
A hierarchy scale from small to large in atoms
Nucleus, neutrons, molecules
Are viruses considered living?
No, because they are not made up of cells
Cells combined to make this
Tissues
Describe the octet rule
8 electrons/outer shell
Electrons in outermost shell of an atom
Valance electrons
Unevenly charged particle
Ion
More protons than electrons/positive charge
Cation
Fewer protons than electrons/negative charge
Anion
Forms of an element that have equal number of protons and electrons but different in number of neutrons
Isotype
