Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Cells. What is the significant of the cell in Biology? What is/are the major differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
What are the different levels of biological organization, from the smallest to the greatest? What is the relationship between an organism, a population, and a community?
What are the steps in scientific inquiry?
What is evolution and what were the observations and inferences of Charles Darwin?
Know the central dogma of Biology: DNA makes RNA makes Protein
What are the general things about DNA, RNA, proteins, chromosomes, and genomes?
What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning? Look over the examples for each from the textbook as you may be asked to define one based on a hypothetical scenario!
What elements make up living things? What are the most abundant and what are those essential elements that make up about 4% of the elements of biological life?
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons? What how do the numbers of protons and neutrons relate? How do the numbers of protons and electrons relate?
What is mass number, atomic number, and atomic mass?
What are isotopes? What is the difference between Carbon-14 and Carbon-12 in terms of number of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
What are the different chemical bonds? What is the difference between a polar and nonpolar covalent bond? What are hydrogen bonds?
What is the difference between a cation and an anion? If a cation has a charge of +2, then what is the relationship of protons to electrons?
What bond is formed between hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom in water?
How are hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules?
What is the formula for pH? What are acids and bases? What is the difference between a solution with a pH of 4 and a solution with a pH of 5? Remember, it is a base 10 increase or decrease in H+ ions.
What are the properties of water?
What is specific heat of water?
What are calories? Kilocalories?
What is evaporative cooling and why is it important in Biology?
Why is carbon the core element of life? What is carbon’s valence and how many, and what kinds of bonds are formed by carbon?
How many electrons must carbon share to fill its valence shell?
What was the Stanley Miller experiment, and what did it show?
What are isomers? What are enantiomers?
What are the side groups amine and carboxyl? What is their significance in protein synthesis?
What are the biological macromolecules and their subunits?
What is dehydration and hydrolysis?
What are monomers and polymers?
How many water molecules would be needed for dehydration to polymerize a 10 monomer-long polysaccharide?
What is glycogen? What sort of specific bond is formed between glucose monomers in glycogen?
What is starch? Cellulose? Why can’t humans digest cellulose?
What are saturated and unsaturated fats?
What type of bond forms between amino acids on a growing polypeptide chain?
What type of bond forms between nucleotides and how is phosphate used in this?
What are phospholipids and their chemical properties, i.e., what is different about the glycerol/choline heads and the fatty acid tails?
There are 20 different amino acids. What makes each of them unique?
Which type of microscope is used for viewing cellular products like proteins?
What are the general functions of the organelles of a cell?
What are the different protein filaments of the cytoskeleton?
How are motor proteins like myosin and dynein used to move vesicles, organelles, etc.?
Which cytoskeletal filament is involved with movement of cilia and flagella?
How is dynein used to move flagella?
What is the role of nuclear lamina?
What are the roles of lysosomes?
What are ribosomes, their functions, and where are they found?
