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BIOL 140 > Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecule

A
  • a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction
  • polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids
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2
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

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3
Q

monomer

A

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

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4
Q

enzyme

A
  • a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
  • most are proteins
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5
Q

dehydration reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

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6
Q

hydrolysis

A

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water

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7
Q

carbohydrate

A

a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

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8
Q

monosaccharide

A
  • the simplest carbohydrate, active alone of serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides
  • aka simple sugars
  • have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O
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9
Q

polysaccharide

A

a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

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10
Q

glucose (C6H12O6)

A

the most common monosaccharide

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11
Q

disaccharide

A

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

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12
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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13
Q

starch

A

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

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14
Q

amylose

A

an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch (a glucose polymer from plants) and glycogen (a glucose polymer from animals) into smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose

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15
Q

glycogen

A
  • an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals
  • the animal equivalent of starch
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16
Q

cellulose

A

a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages

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17
Q

chitin

A

a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cells walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

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18
Q

lipid

A

any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water

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19
Q

fat

A
  • a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
  • aka a triacylglycerol or triglyceride
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20
Q

glycerol

A

a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

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21
Q

fatty acid

A
  • a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain
  • vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds
  • three linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride
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22
Q

triacylglycerol (triglyceride)

A
  • a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
  • aka a fat
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23
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected

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24
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A
  • a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail
  • such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton
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25
saturated fats
- fats made from saturated fatty acids that are solid at room temperature - most animal fats
26
unsaturated fats
- fats made from unsaturated fatty acids that are liquid at room temperature - plant fats and fish fats - oils
27
hydrogenation
the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
28
energy storage
the major function of fats
29
adipose cells
where humans and other mammals store their long-term food reserves
30
adipose tissue
- a connective tissue that insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve - contain fat-storing cells called adipose cells
31
phospholipid
- a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group - the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head - form bilayers that function as biological membranes
32
steroid
a type of lipid characterizes by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached
33
cholesterol
a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones
34
protein
a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
35
enzymatic proteins
- function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
36
defensive proteins
- function: protection against disease
37
storage proteins
- function: storage of amino acids
38
transport proteins
- function: transport of substances
39
hormonal proteins
- function: coordination of an organism's activities
40
receptor proteins
- function: response of cell to chemical stimuli
41
contractile and motor proteins
- function: movement
42
structural proteins
- function: support
43
polypeptide
a polymer of many amino acid linked together by peptide bonds
44
peptide bond
the covalent bond between amino acids
45
amino acid
- an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group - serve as the monomers of polypeptides
46
functional protein
consists of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape
47
sickle-cell disease
- an inherited blood disorder that results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin - the abnormal hemoglobin molecules cause the red blood cells to aggregate into chains and to deform into a sickle shape
48
denaturation
in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive
49
x-ray crystallography
- a technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules - depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule
50
nucleic acid
- a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers - serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities - two types are DNA and RNA
51
gene expression
the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs
52
the flow of genetic information
DNA -> RNA -> protein
53
polynucleotide
- a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain - the nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA
54
nucleotide
the building bloc of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups
55
nucleoside
the portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group - nitrogenous base + sugar
56
pyrimidine
- one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring - cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U)
57
purine
- one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring - adenine (A), guanine (G)
58
deoxyribose
the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides
59
ribose
the sugar in RNA
60
double helix
the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape
61
antiparallel
an arrangement where the backbones of DNA molecules run in opposite 5' -> 3' directions from each other
62
complementary base pairing
only certain bases in DNA pair up and form hydrogen bonds: - adenine (A) always with thymine (T) - guanine (G) always with cytosine (C) this feature of DNA structure makes it possible to generate two identical copies of each DNA molecule in a cell preparing to divide
63
uracil (U)
in RNA, thymine (T) is replaced by __________, which always pairs with adenine (A)
64
genomics
the systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species
65
proteomics
the systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interactions

BIOL 140 (7 decks)

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