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Radiographic Physics (JRH) > Exam 1 (Selective, Compensatory filtration, and Tube failure) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Selective, Compensatory filtration, and Tube failure) Flashcards

1
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Function of selective/compensating filtration

A

Improves film quality by compensating for the patients varied thickness’ to produce a better image

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2
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

How does selective/compensating filtration improve the film quality?

A

Attenuates part of the beam to lessen intensity to the thinner parts (and reduces radiation before it strikes the patient)

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3
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

______ are placed on the front of the beam limiting device and are usually made of aluminum or copper

A

Portal filters

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4
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

T/F Selective filters are not necessary with spinal radiography

A

FALSE

Selective filters are necessary for full spine films and most A-P & lateral thoracic films

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5
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

T/F Selective filters can be used when X-raying feet to filter toes. It does produce a line between filtered and unfiltered parts (unless the line is tapered)

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

_________ have a gradual decrease in thickness that produces no line of demarcation between filtered and unfiltered areas

A

Wedge Filter Taper (part of Wedge Filter System)

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7
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

What is the Nolan Filter System?

A

A system of variable filters that use multiple pieces of aluminum and copper of different thicknesses to create more versatile selective filters

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8
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Refers to the use of beam attenuation after the beam intensity has passed through the patient, therefore, adding unneeded exposure

A

Underpart filters

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9
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Underpart filters and mostly used in the form of _________ and often used for ___________ films

A

Split screens Full spine

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10
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

What can cause the anode to melt?

A

Failure of the tube leading to wearing down the ball bearings in the anode causing the surface to melt

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11
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

How to prevent the anode from melting

A

Limit the time that you hold the rotor button down to prevent increased thermionic emission (excessive exposures cause anode pitting)

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12
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Charts that come with all X-ray machines

A

Tube rating chart

Tube cooling chart

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13
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Unit used for some calculations of the tube rating or tube cooling chart

A

Heat Units (HU)

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14
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

How to calculate HU

A 
mA * time * kV = HU
Ex: 
100 mA
0.5 sec
50 kV

100 * 0.5 * 50 = HU
HU = 2500

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15
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

If the tube hasn’t been used for a number of hours, a tube _______ is recommended before making a large exposure

A

Warm up

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16
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Function of the warm up

A

Prevents thermal shock to the anode which can cause your anode to crack or more likely the anode stem to crack and break off

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17
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

If you need to increase the mAs, do it with either the _______ or _______

A

mA station or time

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18
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

A ____ mA setting will lessen tube stress

A

Lower

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19
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

A ______ time will allow less patient motion

A

Shorter

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20
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

T/F Most all machines will automatically prevent harmful exposures or if the exposure would overload the tube

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Transformers and rectifiers found in generators require ____ volts and ___ amps

A

220 volts

100 amps

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22
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Part of a generator that changes the incoming current from volts to kilovolts

A

Transformer

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23
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Alternate names for the high voltage transformer of a generator

A

Step up transformer

High voltage circuit

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24
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Converts amps to milliamps

A

Filament circuit

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25
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

T/F 1/10 of an amp is a milliamp

A

FALSE

1/1000th of an amp = 1 milliamp

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26
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

What is the mA and kV usually used for an office setting?

A

40-125 kV

50-300 mA

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27
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Alternate names for the filament circuit

A

Filament transformer
Low voltage circuit
Step down transformer

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28
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Changes the current from AC to DC

A

Rectifiers

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29
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Current where electrons are moving forward and backward directions

A

Alternating current (AC)

30
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

T/F AC is used for the tube

A

FALSE.

AC would send electrons toward the cathode and destroy it. Therefore DC is needed for the tube

31
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Process of changing AC to DC as done by rectifiers

A

Rectification

32
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

How do rectifiers work?

A

Rectifiers are diodes that eliminate the lower negative pulse of the cycle protecting the filament. Causes a half wave rectification

33
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Rectifiers that change the negative charge to a positive charge and allowing 2 positive waves away from the cathode making it more efficient than half wave rectification

A

Full wave rectification

34
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

The high point of the wave

35
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

The desired kV that is set in the rectifier is called this

A

Kilovolt peak (kVp)

36
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

The variable of the kV below the peak that make up some of the exposure

37
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

T/F The more ripple, the better

A

FALSE.

The less ripple, the better

38
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Has 1 line sources and creates maximum ripple

A

Single phase generators

39
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Has 3 separate but intertwined lines that allows for more peaks and less dips (less ripple)

A

3 phase generators

40
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

3 phase generators eliminates most _____ and maintains most of the _____. While more efficient, it is not practical due to its ______

A

Ripple
kVp
Expense

41
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Generators that have virtually no ripple, are more accurate, produces greater photon energy, has fewer soft rays, gives the patient less exposure, and is more affordable than a single or 3 phase generator

A

High Frequency Generators

42
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Controls the length of the exposure.

A

Timer circuit

43
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

T/F The longer the timer circuit, the more electrons that bombard the anode which increases the number of x-rays

44
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Range of exposure time. Why is the shortest time preferred?

A

1/120th of a second to a few seconds Reduces the chance for patient motion

45
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Types of timer circuits

A

Synchronous
Electronic
mAs
Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)

46
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Timer circuit in widest use

A

Electronic timers

47
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Combine mA and seconds in 1 control. Pretty popular timer circuit. Calculated to use the lowest time and safest mA

A

mAs timers

48
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Circuit timer that uses photocells in front of a film

A

Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)

49
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Found on older machines. Protects against voltage drops and surges

A

Line voltage compensator

50
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

Selector options usually found on a low voltage circuit (mA) or filament circuit

A

-50, 100, 200, 300 mA
-Small or Large focal spot sizes (automatic)
Ex: 50S, 100S, 100L, 200L, and 300L

51
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

High voltage circuit (kVp) that adjusts settings in increments of 10 kVp

52
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

High voltage circuit that adjusts settings by increments of 1 kVp

53
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

When activated (pressed) it rotates the anode and activates the filament circuit causing thermionic emission

A

Rotor control (Prep button)

54
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

When depressed, send shooting electrons to the anode to create the exposure. Must remain depressed for the entire exposure.

A

Exposure button

55
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

What happens to the film if the finger slips off before the full exposure?

A

Film will be too light from lack of full exposure

56
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

When the finger slips off the exposure button, in this case its called the __________, the film will be underexposed

A

Deadman switch

57
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

What systems utilize a part selection button on their equipment?

A

Anatomical programming systems

58
Q

Exam 1 (Selective/Compensatory Filtration, and Tube Failure)

4 primary factors concerning X-ray exposure

A

1) Kilovoltage peak (kVp)
2) Milliamperage (mA)
3) Time of exposure
4) Distance of the tube from the receptor

59
Q

What controls the speed of electrons, the beam energy, the penetrating power, the quality of the x-ray beam, and the film contrast?

A

Kilovolts (kV)

60
Q

T/F Increasing kVp will darken the film (decreasing contrast)

61
Q

What controls the tube current, quantity of electrons, and quantity of X-rays independent of time?

A

Milliamperage (mA)

62
Q

T/F Increasing mA lightens the film

A

FALSE.

Increasing mA darkens the film

63
Q

What controls the tube current, quantity of electrons, and quantity of X-rays dependent on time?

A

Length of time of exposure (in seconds = mAs)

64
Q

Controls the quality of the x-ray reaching the patient and the film. Beam intensity does decrease as we increase this.

A

Distance of the tube from the receptor(film)

a.k.a. Tube distance

65
Q

T/F Increasing the tube distance will lighten the film

66
Q

T/F The image size increases with tube distance

A

False

Size decreases due to less divergence

67
Q

Inverse square law

A

States that photons striking the film are inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

68
Q

2 standard tube distances

A

40 inches

72 inches

69
Q

What is the difference in the mAs required for shotting X-ray at 40 inches and 72 inches?

A

about 3x or 1/3, depending on the conversion

72” to 40” = 1/3 mAs
40” to 72” = 3x mAs

70
Q

Secondary factors the effect the X-ray exposure

A

1) Field size

2) Compensating filtration

71
Q

The more collimation, the ____ the secondary radiation, causing the film to _______

A

Less

Darken

72
Q

T/F Increasing compensating filtration darkens the film

A

FALSE.

It lightens the film

Radiographic Physics (JRH) (4 decks)

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