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Radiographic Physics (JRH) > Exam 1 (History, Overview, Structures, Cut-offs to Over andUnder exposed) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (History, Overview, Structures, Cut-offs to Over andUnder exposed) Flashcards

1
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

X-ray was discovered by ___________ in the year _____

A

Wilhem Conrad Roentgen

1895

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2
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F X-ray was discovered in Austria in 1895

A

FALSE.

It was discovered in Germany

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3
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What was the first X-ray image of?

A

Bertha Roentgen’s hand

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4
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What did professional societies in Germany initial call X-ray?

A

Roentgen Ray

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5
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

When and who first used X-ray as a chiropractic tool?

A

Used by B.J. Palmer in 1910

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6
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F X-ray has the same properties of all electromagnetic radiation, so distance increases the intensity

A

FALSE.

Distance decreases the intensity

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7
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Predictable qualities of all X-rays

A
  • Ionizing capacity (causes biological changes)
  • Penetrate matter, but are absorbed by dense material (lead, cement, compact bone)
  • Produces secondary X-rays from objects they strike (detrimental effect on patient and film)
  • Travels in diverging straight line
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8
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

3 things needed to give birth to an X-ray

A

1) A source of electrons
2) A way to accelerate the electrons at a high speed
3) A hard surface for the electrons to slam into (stopping them)

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9
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Where do we find the 3 things needed to give birth to an X-ray?

A

The tube (contains the two electrodes)

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10
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Comes after the tube. Used to discard the weaker photons that could never make it to the film anyway.

A

Filter

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11
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Beam limiting device that limits the size of the x-ray beam

A

Collimator

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12
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Found after the patient. Main job is to remove the secondary rays that our patient has produced and are now coming out of them as well as the original photons

A

Grid

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13
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

After the grid, the rays pass through the front of a film holder called a _________, through _______, which glow with light and are in contact to with the ___ where an image will be recorded

A

Cassette Screens Film

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14
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Metal encasement around the tube. 2 cables connecting the tube with a generator exit the back.

A

Tube housing

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15
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

The tube housing is lined with _____ that functions in:

A

Lead

1) Prevents leakage radiation
2) Protects the glass tube that is inside it

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16
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F The tube housing contains the tube surrounded by air

A

FALSE.

The tube housing contains the tube which is surrounded by oil

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17
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Function of the oil in the tubing house

A

Helps to dissipate heat (thermal insulator)

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18
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Opening in the tube housing that allows intended X-rays to exit

A

Window or Port

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19
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Horizontal piece that holds the tube housing in place

A

Tube arm

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20
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Perpendicular to the tube arm where it holds it. Allows the tube arm to move the tube vertically for tube distance on a table

A

Tube stand

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21
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

This is what the stand sits on. It allows the tube to travel horizontally

A

Tube track

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22
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Function of the tube track

A

Sets the tube distance when upright

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23
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Locks that hold the arm and stand in position. Must be released or the arm and stand will not move.

A

Automatic locks

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24
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Maximum amount of radiation leakage allowed from the housing

A

No more than 100 millirad/hour at one meter

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25
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Contains the functional parts of the tube. Has a thinner glass area for the window (easier to penetrate).

A

Glass tube

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26
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Rays exiting the window of the glass tube are called:

A

The useful beam

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27
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

The centermost ray of the useful beam. This is perpendicular to the patient

A

Central ray (CR)

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28
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

All other rays besides the CR angle away and divergence increases as we move away from the CR

A

Diverging rays

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29
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F The main gas in the glass tube is Beryllium

A

FALSE

The glass tube is evacuated (no gas)

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30
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

The negative electrode. It produces and focuses electrons

A

Cathode

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31
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Part of the cathode. Made up of a small coil of metal that can withstand heat.

A

Filament

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32
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Metal found in the filament. Heated by the filament (milliamperage circuit)

A

Tungsten (W)

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33
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What happens when an electric current reaches the tungsten?

A

The electric current heats up the tungsten and allows the electrons from the tungsten to “boil off”

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34
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Process for the boiling off of electrons from the tungsten in the filament

A

Thermionic emission

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35
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F The amount of electrons is determined by the current in the filament. The number of electrons formed controls the number ox x-rays

A

TRUE

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36
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What is the advantage of a dual focus tube?

A

Contains a both a small filament and a large filament

Small filament = produces clearer images
Large filament = handles more heat (less clear images though)

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37
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Indentation in the cathode that the filament sits in

A

Focusing cup

38
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Function of the focusing cup?

A

Consolidates the electron cloud

39
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

The positive electrode. Pulls the electrons across the tube and produces photons

40
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

3 functions of the anode

A

1) Stops elections (thus producing xrays)
2) Dissipates heat
3) Conducts electricity

41
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F Most of the electrons that reach the anode and stopped and produced into X-rays

A

FALSE.
1% of the electrons that reach the anode are turned into X-rays.
The remaining 99% are dissipated into heat.

42
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Where the high speed electrons from the anode are propelled to

A

Target (made of Tungsten as well)

43
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Area where the x-rays are emitted from the anode

A

Focal spot

44
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Focal spot where the electrons strike causing X-rays

A

Actual focal spot

45
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Focal spot where the photons exit

A

Effective focal spot

46
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Large focal spots produce more______

A

Penumbra (unclear borders)

47
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Small focal spots produce more ______

A

Umbra (clear borders)

48
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Holds the target and conducts heat away from it.

49
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F The stem of the anode is usually made of tungsten

A

FALSE.The stem is usually made of copper

50
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Beveled anode used for small exposures. They have a greater angle on them

A

Stationary anode

51
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Beveled anode we use. It is able to dissipate heat much more effectively.

A

Rotating anode

52
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What is the sound we hear before being exposed?

A

The spinning of the rotating anode

53
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

The area on the rotating anode where X-rays are emitted

A

Focal track

54
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Line focus principle

A

The larger angles/ larger effective focal spots will produce less clear images while the smaller angles/ smaller effective focal spots will produce clearer images

55
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Term for how the bottom of the bevel decreases the beam intensity (reduces beam intensity by absorbing weaker rays)

A

Anode heel effect

56
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Because of the anode heel effect, the anode should be placed toward the _______

A

Thinner parts (cathode toward the thicker parts)

57
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F For full spine exams, the anode should be pointed down and the cathode pointed up.

A

FALSE.Anode up and cathode down

58
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

When electrons collide with the target, X-rays are produced in __ ways

59
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

An interaction of an incoming electron with a target nucleus. The electron passes close to the nucleus causing the direction of the electron to change and lose energy

A

Bremsstrahlung radiation

60
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What happens to the energy lost from the electron as it passes close to the nucleus?

A

It is converted to X-rays

61
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F Bremsstrahlung radiation makes up about 15% of the x-ray beam

A

FALSE

Makes up majority of X-ray beam (85%)

62
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

An interaction of an incoming electron with a target electron. The incoming electron collides with a K shell target electron knocking the electron out of its orbit. An outer shell electron jumps down to replace the K shell electron lost and loses energy in the process (as X-ray)

A

Characteristic radiation

63
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Function of filtration

A

Reduces patient exposure

64
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

How does filtration reduce patient exposure?

A

1) Attenuates the beam intensity
2) Eliminates weaker soft rays (decreasing skin entrance and organ dose)
3) Allows stronger (hard rays) to get through the beam (hardens the beam)

65
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

The amount of material needed to reduce the beam by intensity of 1/2

A

Half value layer

66
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What makes up the inherent filtration?

A

Oil and glass window of the tube (equivalent to 1/2 mm of aluminum thickness)

67
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What makes up the added filtration?

A

1-2 mm of aluminum installed by manufacturers at the housing port

68
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

How many mm of filtration are required for 70-100 kV

69
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

How many mm of filtration are required for 125 kV

70
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F Most machines used for spine are rated at 125 kV capacity as we almost always are above 100 kV for spine films

A

FALSE.

Machines are at 125 kV, but we usually don’t use it above 100 kV

71
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Limits the primary beam to the desired part of film size be reducing exposure to the patient and operator from secondary x-rays and improve the quality of the film

A

Collimation

72
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Where is the collimator located? How many shutters does it have? What are the shutters made out of and how are they controlled?

A
  • Front of the tube house
  • 4 shutters
  • Lead
  • Controlled by 2 adjustment knobs (1-horizontal and 1-vertical)
73
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Occurs when the the picture is smaller than the film size

A

Collimation cut-off

74
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Occurs when the collimation is to too tight

A

Over collimated

75
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Occurs when the collimation is too large

A

Under collimated

76
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What will cut off look like on the x-ray?

A

White or light on the film due to primary beam absorption

77
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F The cut off will only appear white on x-ray

A

FALSE.

If primary beam absorption = appears white If secondary beam absorption = appears gray or dark

78
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

The cut-off will be equal if the __ and the ___ are centered

79
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

A __________ will show the beam size through a plastic window

A

Light and mirror

80
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

T/F The light and mirror act as a filtrate, protecting the patient from exposure

A

TrueIt reflects the light and reduces the intensity 1-2 mm of aluminum equivalents

81
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

The center of the beam is shown by horizontal and vertical lines on the window called:

A

Cross hairs

82
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Collimator accuracy is required to be within ______________ between the focal spot and the film

A

2% of the distance

83
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

3 types of collimation

A

1) Manual (all adjustments are made by the operator
2) Semiautomatic
3) Automatic

84
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

Semi and fully automatic collimation is known as:

A

Positive Beam Limitation (PBL) devices

85
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What would cause a cut-off at the bottom?

A

Tube is too high

Film is too low

86
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What would cause a cut-off at the top?

A

CR is too low

Film is too high

87
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

What would cause a cut-off at the side?

A

Usually due to the cassette not being pushed into the grid cabinet all the way

88
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

General rule: If the anatomy we want to see is centered, then its a _____ problem; if the anatomy is not centered, then its a _____ problem

A

Anatomy centered = tube problem

Anatomy not centered = film problem

89
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

If the film is too dark, it is said to be ________ which means we need to reduce either the ___ or ___

A

Over exposed kV (kilovolts) or MAS (milliampere seconds)

90
Q

Exam 1 (History, Structures, Cut-offs, and Over/Under exposures)

If the film is too light, it is said to be _________ which means we need to increase either the ____ or _____

A

Under exposed kV (kilovolts) or MAS (milliampere seconds)

Radiographic Physics (JRH) (4 decks)

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