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Radiographic Physics (JRH) > Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation) Flashcards

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1
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Energy that is transmitted through space or matter

A

Radiation

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2
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Radiation is often called ____________ which is emitted in particles or waves with no mass

A

Radiant energy

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3
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

This type of energy is used to produce the EM energy for X-ray

A

Electrical energy

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4
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

EM energy is converted into ________ making the radiograph

A

Chemical energy

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5
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

_______________ is primary with the production of X-ray

A

Electromagnetic energy (EM)

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6
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F There is 1000 eV in 1 keV

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

How many keV do X-rays operate up to for clinical use?

A

150 keV

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8
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What is EMR energy measured as?

A

eV (or keV)

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9
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Unit used to measure frequency of EMR

A

Hertz (Hz)

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10
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Frequency is the rise and fall of a _________

A

Sine wave

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11
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What is used to determine the cycle of a frequency?

A

Measured from one peak to the next (or like points on the Sine wave)

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12
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F X-ray has a low frequency (Hz)

A

FALSE

X-ray has a high frequency

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13
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

EMR is measured by wave length in _______

A

Meters (m)

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14
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Wavelength is the distance:

A

Between 1 peak of the wave to the next peak

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15
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F X-ray has a long wavelength

A

FALSE.

X-ray has a very short wavelength

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16
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

How fats does EMR travel?

A

Speed of Light (186,000 miles per second)

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17
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

EMR has no mass and travels in bundles called:

A

Photons (quanta)

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18
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F EMR waves travel in a waveform that can vary in length and frequency, but generally all types lose intensity with increase in distance

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Subtype of EMR that has enough energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule

A

Ionizing radiation

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20
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Ionizing radiation has a ______ wavelength and a _____ frequency

A

Very short wavelength

High frequency

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21
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F Short wavelength and high frequency waves means high energy

A

TRUE

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22
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Examples of ionizing EMR

A

X-rays

Gamma rays

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23
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Subtype of EMR that does not have enough energy to remove electrons from anything

A

Nonionizing radiation

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24
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Nonionizing radiation has a ____ wavelength and ____ frequency which means it has ______ energy

A

Long wavelength
Low frequency
Low energy

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25
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Examples of nonionizing EMR

A

Visible light, Infrared light, UV light, Radio, TV, microwaves and heat

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26
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F Particle radiation is a subtype of EMR

A

FALSE

Particle radiation has ionizing abilities but is not a type of EMR

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27
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Particle radiation comes from a breakdown or decay of a radioactive _______

A

Atoms nucleus

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28
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F Particle radiation is less penetrating than X-rays

A

TRUE

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29
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Which of the following is not a type of Particle radiation? 1) Alpha particles

2) Beta particles
3) Theta particles

A

3) Theta particles

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30
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Why are alpha and beta particles more harmful to humans then X-rays if they can not penetrate as deep as X-rays?

A

Inhalations of certain substances (like radon gas) will produce particle radiation (for radon, it would be alpha particles). Same premise can be used in nuclear medicine also

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31
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Term used that means the measuring of radiation

A

Dosimetry

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32
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Tool used to perform dosimetry

A

Dosimeter

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33
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

SI unit used to measure ionization in air

A

Roentgen (R) or Coulombs/kg (C/kg)

34
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

SI unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed in tissue

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD) or Gray (Gy)

35
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F 1000 RAD = 1 Gy

A

FALSE

100 RADS = 1 Gy

36
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

SI unit used mostly for biological effects of radiation to specific organs and tissues

A

Millirad (MRAD) (1/1000 of a RAD)

37
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

SI unit used for radiation detection in reporting exposure

A

Radiation Equivalent Man (REM) or Sievert (Sv)

38
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

100 MREM = __ mSv and 100 REM = __ Sv

A

1 mSv

1 Sv

39
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Type of dosimeter for workers worn on clothing that measures biological effects from delayed exposure

A

Film badges

40
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

1 RAD = __ REM

A

1 REM

41
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

1 C/kg = __ Gy = __ Sv

A

1 Gy1 Sv

42
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

All together, the average person gets about ____ mrads each year

A

360

43
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Makes up 82% of our yearly radiation exposure

A

Natural Radiation (Background Radiation)

44
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Type and examples of Natural radiation

A

1) Cosmic = sun and stars
2) Terrestrial = soil, rocks, and mountains, bricks, wallboard, and cement
3) Internal = found in living tissue and ingested in water and food

45
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What makes up 55% (198 mrem) of our total exposure each year?

A

Radon gas (part of Terrestrial natural radiation)

46
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What forms radon gas?

A

The decay of uranium

47
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Makes up 18% of our yearly radiation exposure

A

Man made radiation

48
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Types of man made radiation

A

1) Diagnostic x-ray procedures
2) Nuclear medicine
3) Consumer products
4) Nuclear testing and nuclear reactors

49
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What makes up the largest source of man made exposure radiation?

A

Diagnostic X-ray procedures

50
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Cosmic radiation _____ the higher the altitude and the farther the latitude from the equator

A

Increases

51
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Natural radioactive substances found in living tissue

A

Nuclides

52
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Diagnostic x-rays are _______ what would cause acute effects.

A

Far below

53
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What long term effects from low levels of radiation are controversial?

A

Leukemia from fetal dose and malignancies years after exposure associated with mutations from the gonad dose

54
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Theory that any amount of X-ray is harmful

A

Linear theory

55
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Exposure to the entire body. More detrimental than exposure to a specific part

A

Whole body dose

56
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

The amount of exposure to the skin

A

Skin entrance dose

57
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

As a general rule with the skin entrance dose, the deeper the part below the skin, the:

A

Less exposure due to absorption

58
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

The exposure of a specific organ

A

Organ dose

59
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

The amount of exposure causing tissue damage of the exposed individual (early or late)

A

Somatic dose

60
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F Somatic dose does happen in diagnostic levels of radiation

A

FALSE.

Diagnostic levels of radiation are too low

61
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Earliest symptoms of radiation exposure

A

Erythema (first- red skin)Hair loss

62
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Exposure potentially causing damage to future generations of the exposed individual

A

Genetic dose

63
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

A genetic dose exposure, although not fully agreed on by researchers, is attributed mostly to:

A

Low levels of radiation exposure to the gonads including diagnostic X-ray levels.

64
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Greatest effects on genetic dose on the gonads

A

LeukemiaMutations

65
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F A fetal dose of 10 rad will cause effects on the newborn. This dose is quite common from diagnostic filming

A

FALSE.
Fetal exposure of up to 10 rad is not expected to cause any effects on the newborn.10 rad is a very unusual dose from diagnostic filming

66
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Long term effects such as cancer and cataracts are associated with this

A

Stochastic somatic effects.

67
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Effects of this increase with an increase in dose.

A

Deterministic somatic (non-stochastic effects)

68
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Short term effects of deterministic somatic (non-stochastic) effects

A

Erythema, infertility, blood forming damage, and cataracts

69
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

T/F Deterministic somatic (non-stochastic effects) do not have a threshold at which effects are predictable

A

FALSE.

They do

70
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Term that says low levels of continuous exposure will have reduced effects. Used in radiotherapy and with radioactive implants.

A

Protraction

71
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Term that says noncontinuous high exposure to high doses will reduce effects. Used in radiotherapy

A

Fractionation

72
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Term for the apparent beneficial effects of radiation. It used to be theorized that all radiation was harmful, but some doubt exists

A

Radiation hormesis

73
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

So it seems that ___________ doses of radiation may reduce infections and fatal malignancies and prolong life. This is though by many to boost the __________

A

Small-moderateImmune system

74
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Condition arising from radiations various effects from large acute exposures

A

Acute Radiation Syndrome/Sickness (ARS)

75
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What syndrome will be present from a 200-1000 rad acute whole body exposure in someone with ARS?

A

Hematological syndrome

76
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What syndrome will be present in someone with 1000-5000 rad acute whole body exposure in someone with ARS?

A

Gastrointestinal syndrome

77
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What syndrome will be present in someone with 5000 rads and over acute whole body exposure in someone with ARS?

A

Central Nervous System Syndrome

78
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

Stages of ARS

A

1) Prodromal stage (initial symptoms)
2) Latent stage (improvement of symptoms)
3) Manifest stage (return of the symptoms worse than before)
4) Healing or death (either you recover or die)

79
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

What is LD 50/60?

A

An acute whole body exposure that would kill 50% of the people in 60 days (used for humans due to slower recovery than lab animals)

80
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

LD

A

Lethal dose (as in LD 50/60)

81
Q

Exam 1 (Energy and Radiation)

A human has a LD 50/60 of ____ rads without medical intervention (the LD 50/30 dose is ______ rads)

A

LD 50/60 = 350 rads LD 50/30 = 300 rads

Radiographic Physics (JRH) (4 decks)

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