Exam #1: Section 5: Femininity

Question 1

What is something that has changed to define in the last 50 - 70 years?

Answer 1

Feminism

Question 2

What is the percentage of men and women who identify as feminists?

Answer 2

16% Men

23% Women

Question 3

What has received negative connotations in society?

Answer 3

Feminism

Question 4

What is the history and timeframe of the first wave of feminism?

Answer 4

1840-1920

Defined by the right to dismantle coverture

Women’s legal rights subsumed by those of her husband

Question 5

What is the history and timeframe of the second wave of feminism?

Answer 5

1960s-early 1980s

Before the 1970s, women’s place viewed as in the home, devoted to life to husband and family

Employment opportunities limited: secretary, nurse, teacher, domestic worker

Question 6

What is the history and timeframe of the third wave of feminism?

Answer 6

Early 1990s-2010

Increased diversity of voices

Less rigid in terms of ideology, more inclusive

Question 7

What is the history and timeframe of the fourth wave of feminism?

Answer 7

2008-now?

Intersectionality

Online activism

Women’s March, #metoo

Question 8

Although, we have made progress with women’s rights, what have we still lacked in the United States? FOUR PARTS

Answer 8

A) 24/100 US Senators are women
B) 120/432 members of the House of Representatives are women
C) Only 5% of CEOs of Fortune 500 companies are female
4) And in terms of media, woman are vastly underrepresented

Question 9

What were the results of the USC Anneberg Study and what is it? ? 4 PARTS

Answer 9

Analysis across platforms: broadcast TV, cable TV, streaming, and film

A) Directors: 85% male, 15% female

B) Writers: 71% male, 29% female

C) Top executives: 80% male, 20% female

D) Women are missing from storytelling

Question 10

According to the USC Annenberg Study, how often do women speak?

Answer 10

33.5% compared to males who are at 66.5%

Question 11

What is the bechdel Test?

Answer 11

Benchmark for movies developed by Alison Bechdel

Question 12

What does a movie need in order to pass the Bechdel test?

Answer 12

Have at least two named women in it
Who talk to each other/have a conversation
About something besides a man (anything else!)

Question 13

What are the characteristics of likeability? Eight parts

Answer 13

A) Nice
B) Caring
C) Not too opinionated
D)  Not too aggressive work E) to make everyone around you happy
7) Becomes reflexive 
8) Exhausting

Question 14

What do we need to teach girls about likeability? 3 Parts

Answer 14

1) Teach girls to reject likeability
2) Teach them to be honest, kind, brave, able to speak their minds
3) Teach girls they don’t need to be liked by everyone

Question 15

What is the confidence gap?

Answer 15

Correlation between women’s confidence in real world and what we see about women in the media

Question 16

What is the question around the confidence gap?

Answer 16

Would women be more confident if there was more variety of multi-dimensional, confident women in our media representation?

Question 17

What is Kellner’s quote around the confidence gap?

Answer 17

The media contribute to educating us how to behave and what to think, feel, believe, fear, and desire. The media are forms of pedagogy which teach us how to men and women.”

Question 18

What has been the focus on importance?

Answer 18

Female appearance has remained constant–even amplified

Question 19

What does culture and media tell women?

Answer 19

The most important and powerful thing they can be is beautiful

Question 20

What is women’s value in?

Answer 20

Women’s value is in their beauty rather than in their intelligence and their abilities

Question 21

What are some statistics about beauty and women? 2 parts

Answer 21

Girls and women are 10x greater risk to suffer from an eating disorder
90% of all plastic surgeries are performed on women in the United States

Question 22

What are the 5 cultural ideas of beauty?

Answer 22

1: Beauty requires time, energy, money
#2: Beauty is thin
#3: Beauty is youth
#4: Beauty is sexy
#5: Beauty is a white ideal

Question 23

How much do women in the U.S. spend on their face during their lifetime?

Answer 23

$300,000.

Question 24

What is Beauty as a cultural ideal:#1 Time, Energy Money?

Answer 24

Studies have found that subtle makeup made women seem more attractive, likable, and competent

Question 25

What are some Body Image stats? Related to Beauty As cultural Ideal: #2 Beauty is Thin

Answer 25

53% of 13 year old girls are unhappy with their bodies 78% of 17 year old girls are unhappy with their bodies 65% of women and girls have an eating disorder

Question 26

What is the double standard women face with beauty as a cultural ideal? #3 Beauty is Youth

Answer 26

Double standard: men are allowed to age, women are not | Men become distinguished and women become

Question 27

What is Usc Anneberg stasts on beauty is youth and in media?

Answer 27

Women over 40 made up only 26% of all women shown | Men over 40 made up 74% of all men shown

Question 28

How is Beauty as cultural ideal: #3 beauty is youth, showin media?

Answer 28

Flim: Third person Male is 51, female is 29, 32 year age difference in real life

Question 29

What is Beauty as cultural ideal: #4 beauty is sexy/sex appeal? Three parts

Answer 29

Beauty is in part defined by appearing sexy Must project sex appeal to be considered hot Glee sexual photo shoot photo shoot

Question 30

How is sexiness defined? 4 parts?

Answer 30

Passive Submissive Women wearing stilettos Playing into male fantasies

Question 31

What is beauty as cultural ideal: #4 beauty is sexy/sex appeal?

Answer 31

Focus on female sex appeal at the expense of other aspects of girls’ and women’s humanity leads to objectification

Question 32

What is the definition of objectification?

Answer 32

turning a person into a thing, not fully human

Question 33

Who is Laura Mulvey?

Answer 33

Created the term Male Gaze?

Question 34

What is Male Gaze?

Answer 34

In the media, the normative gaze (or dominant way of looking) is male and heterosexual EX: Megan fox in trhansformer. Men by photos and posters of women's bodies, where they are headless.

Question 35

What is the problem with the male gaze?

Answer 35

The dominance of the male gaze.

Question 36

What is important to note about the male gaze? Three parts.

Answer 36

girls and women internalize this Learn to see themselves as they think men would see them In turn, judge other girls and women by this gaze

Question 37

What is Beauty as a cultural ideal: #5 beauty is a white ideal? Two parts.

Answer 37

Mainstream beauty ideal is almost exclusively white When we do see women of color represented as beauty icons in the media, they almost always already approximate a white ideal: light skin tones, straight hair, etc.

Question 38

Who created the codes of gender? Who is he?

Answer 38

Evring Goffman, he is a sociolgoist

Question 39

What is the codes of gender?

Answer 39

Study the advertisements, and what they say about masculinity / feminity

Question 40

What does Erving say about the Codes Of Gender? 4 parts.

Answer 40

Believed ads were an exaggerated, concentrated form of culture Advertisements use codes to communicate Codes are short-hand language Codes are so deep that almost appear natural

Question 41

What is advertising?

Answer 41

Commerical realism

Question 42

What the four codes of gender for women? What is the 5th item to code of gender to women

Answer 42

1) First code: The feminine touch Self touch, barley holding onto objects, hands, delicate touch 2) Second code: The Ritualization of subordination Laying down Defensivless, hard to look at your sorroundings 3) Traditional code: Child like, Defensive, powerless, and submissive. Finger to mouth Sexual availability 4) Licensed Withdrawal Spaced out, not paying attention, knocked out, etc Infantilization Young girls increase with mature womanhood, use the codes of adulity femininity, and become sexualized.

Question 43

What are the key ways men are shown in advertising?

Answer 43

Strong and muscular bodies are shown: Active, doing things in the world Opposite of femininity: Hands are shown in power, Up right and balanced, DO NOT see the canting posture, Arms crossed/ hands in the pocket :looking in control of their environment Calm and Control, laid back

Question 44

How are female athletes positioned?

Answer 44

Finger in the mouth, sexualized by wearing less clothing, bikinis, in underwear Shown as sexual available

Question 45

What does Gail Dines say about beauty sick?

Answer 45

If tomorrow, women all over the world, looked in the mirror and if they liked what they saw reflected back at them, we would have to reshape capitalism as we know it. Because how many industries survive on the fact that women are incredibly self-loathing, which of course did not come from nowhere. It came from the media. What young women need to understand is that you are being exploited and you are being manipulated into hating yourself as a way to generate astronomical profit for a handful of corporations

Question 46

What do Maxim and Cosmo covers show?

Answer 46

Mazim- Ashley tisdale, no shirt, jacket, underwear, sexualized Subheading "Dreams do come true--Sexy dreams!" Cosmo- Miley Cryus, same as ashley with a blazer and no shirt underneath, but wearing pantts with a subheading "Your best sex ever"