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Diagnostic Microbiology > Exam 1 review sheet > Flashcards

Exam 1 review sheet Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the arrangement of Staphylococci bacteria?

A

Grape-like Clusters

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • Gram-positive cocci in clusters
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Catalase positive
  • Coagulase positive
  • Resistant to environmental stress
  • Non Motile
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3
Q

What is the habitat of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Nose and Skin

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4
Q

What is the Mode of Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Contact

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5
Q

Is Staphylococcus aureus Coagulase positive or negative?

A

Positive

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6
Q

What diseases do Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A
  • Folliculitis
  • Impetigo
  • Acute Endocarditis
  • Food poisoning (Toxin)
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Scalded Skin Syndrome (Exfoliatin toxin, dissolution of epidermal
    desmosomes)
  • Wound infection
  • Toxic shock syndrome (Toxic shock syndrome toxin
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus epidermis?

A
  • Gram-positive cocci in clusters
  • Catalase positive
  • Coagulase negative
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8
Q

What is the Habitat of Staphylococcus epidermis?

A

Normal flora of skin and mucous membrane

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9
Q

What is the Mode of Transmission of Staphylococcus epidermis?

A

Person to person

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10
Q

What diseases do Staphylococcus epidermis cause?

A
  • Subacute bacterial endocarditis on prosthetic heart valves
  • UTI - Urinary Tract Infection
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

A
  • Gram-positive cocci in clusters
  • Coagulase negative
  • Resistant to novobiocin
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12
Q

What diseases do Staphylococcus saprophyticus cause?

A
  • Urinary Tract Infection
  • Causes Cystitis; Bacteriuria, hematuria, pyuria
  • Organism is the causative agent in 10-20% of urinary tract
    infections in sexually active, young women
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13
Q

What is Cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder and ureters

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14
Q

What is Bacteriuria?

A

Presence of Bacteria in the urine

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15
Q

What is Hematuria?

A

The presence of blood in the urine

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16
Q

What is pyuria?

A

The presence of white blood cells in the urine

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17
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

Hospital acquired infection

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18
Q

What Staphylococci are resistant to Methicillin?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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19
Q

What is the cause of nosocomial infections in many parts of the world?

A

-MRSA
These strains are currently a significant cause of nosocomial infections
(hospital acquired infections) in many parts of the world

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20
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

Breakdown of the red blood cell membrane

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21
Q

What media should be examined for hemolysis?

A

Sheep blood Agar

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22
Q

What is hemolysin?

A

Any substance that can cause lysis (destruction) of erythrocytes (RBC’s) and
the release of their hemoglobin

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23
Q

What is Alpha hemolysis and provide some examples?

A

Alpha hemolysis is incomplete hemolysis exhibiting a olive green to brown
color
Examples: S. pneumoniae and Viridans (S. mutans, S. mitts, and S. salivarius)

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24
Q

What is Beta hemolysis and provide some examples?

A

Beta-hemolysis is complete hemolysis
Examples: Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae

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25
Q

What is Gamma hemolysis?

A

Gamma-hemolysis is no hemolysis.
Examples: Enterococcus species

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26
Q

Rebecca Lancefield - produced Lancefield Classification

A
  • Group A = Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Group B = Streptococcus agalactiae
  • Group D = Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium
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27
Q

What bacteria is group A - Beta hemolytic Streptococcus?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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28
Q

What bacteria is group B - Beta hemolytic Streptococcus?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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29
Q

What bacteria is group D - Beta hemolytic Streptococcus?

A

Enterococcus faecalis; E. faecium

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30
Q

What Streptococci can be resistant to vancomycin?

A

Enterococcus

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31
Q

What is the Habitat of Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Human throat and skin

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32
Q

What is the Mode of Transmission of Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Respiratory Droplets

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33
Q

hat diseases do Streptococcus pyogenes cause (Group A Streptococci)?

A
  • Strep throat
  • Necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating disease)
  • Scarlet fever (pyrogenic erythrogenic toxin)
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Impetigo
  • Erysipelas
  • Cellulitis
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Otitis media
  • Sinusitis
  • Toxic Shock Syndrome
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34
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis?

A

flesh eating bacteria which causes rapid progressive tissue damage, severe
infection caused by Group A Strep. bacteria

35
Q

What is Scarlet fever?

A

The complication of strep throat

36
Q

What toxin is responsible for Scarlet fever

A

pyrogenic erythrogenic toxin

37
Q

What is Erysipelas?

A
  • Erysipelas is a type of cellulitis (skin infection) generally caused by Group A
    Streptococci
  • The risk factor associated with this infection include local trauma (break in
    the skin), skin ulceration, and impaired venous or lymphatic drainage.
  • Reddening of skin, distinct margin, swollen lymph nodes, pain, fever, chills,
    and leukocytosis
38
Q

What is Rheumatic fever?

A
  • Complication of Strep Throat. It is an immune response. They cross react
    with heart valves and cause damage
  • Definition: a severe disease chiefly of children and characterized by painful
    inflammation of the joints and frequently damage to the heart valves
39
Q

What is Cellulitis?

A

Inflammation of the cellular or connective tissue

40
Q

What is Glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney

41
Q

What is Otitis Media?

A

Middle ear infection

42
Q

What is Sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of one of the paranasal sinuses

43
Q

What is Toxic Shock Syndrome?

A

An acute infection characterized by high fever, a sunburn-like rash,
vomiting, and diarrhea, followed in severe cases by shock, that is caused by
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

44
Q

What are the Characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae?

A
  • Gram-positive in chains
  • Beta hemolytic
  • Catalase negative
  • Hippurate hydrolysis positive
45
Q

What Group of Streptococci does S. agalactiae belong to?

A

Group B Streptococci

46
Q

What is the Habitat of Streptococcus agalactiae?

A

Human urogenital tract

47
Q

What is the Mode of Transmission of Streptococcus agalactiae?

A

During Birth or sexual activity

48
Q

What diseases can Streptococcus agalactiae cause?

A

Neonatal meningitis and septicemia

49
Q

What are the Characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis?

A
  • Gram-positive chains
  • Catalase negative
  • Gamma hemolytic
  • PYR +
  • BEM positive
  • NaCl positive
50
Q

What Group of Streptococci does Enterococcus faecalis belong to?

A

Group D Streptococci

51
Q

What is the Habitat of Enterococcus faecalis?

A

Human Colon
Urethra and female genital tract
Are part of the normal intestinal flora

52
Q

What diseases do Enterococcus faecalis cause?

A

Urinary Tract Infection
Wound infections Infection
Endocarditis rare but life-threatening
Bacteremia

53
Q

What are the Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae (non-
Lancefield)?

A

-Gram-positive cocci in elongated pairs (lancets) or short chains
-Alpha hemolytic
-Catalase negative
-Polysaccharide capsule (can be mucoid)
-85 serotypes based on antigenicity of polysaccharide capsule
-P-disk resistant

54
Q

What is the Habitat of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Human Upper Respiratory Tract

55
Q

What is the Mode of Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Respiratory Droplet

56
Q

What diseases does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

Pneumonia (60%) and meningitis in adults
Otitis media and sinusitis in children

57
Q

What are the Characteristics of Viridans group Streptococci?

A

Gram-positive in chains
Alpha hemolytic
BEM negative
NaCl negative
PYR negative

58
Q

What is the Habitat of Viridans Group Streptococci?

A

Human Oropharynx (Oral Cavity)

59
Q

What is the Mode of Transmission of Viridans Group Streptococci?

A

Bloodstream during dental procedure

60
Q

What diseases does Viridans Group Streptococci cause?

A

Sub-acute bacterial endocarditis
Dental caries (S. mutans)

61
Q

What does Streptococcus mutans cause?

A

Dental caries; AKA Dental cavities. It adheres to enamel of tooth and
ferments sugars to lactic acid which erodes teeth

62
Q

What are some characteristics of Neisseria?

A

Gram-negative diplococci, inhabit mucous membranes, aerobic or
facultative anaerobes, and produce the enzyme cytochrome oxidase

63
Q

What are 2 pathogenic species of Neisseria?

A

Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

64
Q

Where is Neisseria meningitidis commonly found?

A

in the human nasopharynx

65
Q

How is Neisseria meningitidis transmitted?

A

By respiratory droplets

66
Q

How is Neisseria meningitidis spread?

A

In packed/crowded populations

67
Q

How many serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis are there?

A

13 (determined by capsule)

68
Q

What are the virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

pili, transport, polysaccharide surface, protease, endotoxin, crosses to
meninges, inflammatory response in brain

69
Q

What is the mortality rate of Neisseria meningitidis even with treatment?

A

5-15%

70
Q

Which group of people has the highest the rate of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

children (6-24 months) young (11-21 years)

71
Q

How do you diagnose Neisseria meningitidis in the lab?

A

Culture on special medium, differentiate by carbohydrate utilization test,
DNA probe tests, and serological tests

72
Q

How do you treat Neisseria meningitidis?

A

prompt antibiotic usage

73
Q

How do you prevent Neisseria meningitidis?

A

vaccines (2/4 in US)

74
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the genital tract?

A

male: acute urethritis, discomfort, pain, discharge, dysuria, polyuria, or
asymptomatic
female: endocervical infection, rectal, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, PID

75
Q

What are some other infections of Neisseria gonorrho?

A

conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, septicemia, and meningitis

76
Q

What are the virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

pili, transport, polysaccharide surface(antiphagocytic), protease(cleaves IgA
antibodies), endotoxin(DIC), antigenic variation

77
Q

How do you diagnose Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the lab?

A

presumptive- intracellular G- diplococci in smears of urethral pus, NAA

78
Q

What drugs are required by most states to be instilled into infants eyes to
prevent gonococcal infections?

A

Erythromycin or silver nitrate

79
Q

What are the nonpathogenic Neisseria related species?

A

Saprophytic species

80
Q

What Neisseria related species are Gram-negative diplococci / bacilli that
cause conjunctivitis, otitis media, sinusitis, respiratory infections?

A

Moraxella catarrhalis
-butyrate esterase positive
-carbohydrate utilization test - negative

81
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

red fluid filled lesion that eventually turns black and necrotic form bleeding

82
Q

Corynebacterium jeikeium

A

chronic urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and wound infections in immunocompromised patients

83
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

a pulmonary infection that commonly presents with fever, cough or chest pain. It can also present as pneumonia, lung abscesses, or cavitary lesions. Central nervous system symptoms include headaches, lethargy, confusion and seizures.

84
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

A

malodorous grayish vaginal discharge, presence of clue cells and increased vaginal pH usually greater than 4.5

Diagnostic Microbiology (11 decks)

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