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Diagnostic Microbiology > Exam 1 review sheet > Flashcards

Exam 1 review sheet Flashcards

1
Q

What is the arrangement of Staphylococci bacteria?

A

Grape-like Clusters

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • Gram-positive cocci in clusters
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Catalase positive
  • Coagulase positive
  • Resistant to environmental stress
  • Non Motile
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3
Q

What is the habitat of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Nose and Skin

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4
Q

What is the Mode of Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Contact

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5
Q

Is Staphylococcus aureus Coagulase positive or negative?

A

Positive

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6
Q

What diseases do Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A
  • Folliculitis
  • Impetigo
  • Acute Endocarditis
  • Food poisoning (Toxin)
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Scalded Skin Syndrome (Exfoliatin toxin, dissolution of epidermal
    desmosomes)
  • Wound infection
  • Toxic shock syndrome (Toxic shock syndrome toxin
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus epidermis?

A
  • Gram-positive cocci in clusters
  • Catalase positive
  • Coagulase negative
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8
Q

What is the Habitat of Staphylococcus epidermis?

A

Normal flora of skin and mucous membrane

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9
Q

What is the Mode of Transmission of Staphylococcus epidermis?

A

Person to person

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10
Q

What diseases do Staphylococcus epidermis cause?

A
  • Subacute bacterial endocarditis on prosthetic heart valves
  • UTI - Urinary Tract Infection
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus?

A
  • Gram-positive cocci in clusters
  • Coagulase negative
  • Resistant to novobiocin
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12
Q

What diseases do Staphylococcus saprophyticus cause?

A
  • Urinary Tract Infection
  • Causes Cystitis; Bacteriuria, hematuria, pyuria
  • Organism is the causative agent in 10-20% of urinary tract
    infections in sexually active, young women
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13
Q

What is Cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder and ureters

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14
Q

What is Bacteriuria?

A

Presence of Bacteria in the urine

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15
Q

What is Hematuria?

A

The presence of blood in the urine

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16
Q

What is pyuria?

A

The presence of white blood cells in the urine

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17
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

Hospital acquired infection

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18
Q

What Staphylococci are resistant to Methicillin?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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19
Q

What is the cause of nosocomial infections in many parts of the world?

A

-MRSA
These strains are currently a significant cause of nosocomial infections
(hospital acquired infections) in many parts of the world

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20
Q

What is hemolysis?

A

Breakdown of the red blood cell membrane

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21
Q

What media should be examined for hemolysis?

A

Sheep blood Agar

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22
Q

What is hemolysin?

A

Any substance that can cause lysis (destruction) of erythrocytes (RBC’s) and
the release of their hemoglobin

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23
Q

What is Alpha hemolysis and provide some examples?

A

Alpha hemolysis is incomplete hemolysis exhibiting a olive green to brown
color
Examples: S. pneumoniae and Viridans (S. mutans, S. mitts, and S. salivarius)

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24
Q

What is Beta hemolysis and provide some examples?

A

Beta-hemolysis is complete hemolysis
Examples: Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae

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25
What is Gamma hemolysis?
Gamma-hemolysis is no hemolysis. Examples: Enterococcus species
26
Rebecca Lancefield - produced Lancefield Classification
- Group A = Streptococcus pyogenes - Group B = Streptococcus agalactiae - Group D = Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium
27
What bacteria is group A - Beta hemolytic Streptococcus?
Streptococcus pyogenes
28
What bacteria is group B - Beta hemolytic Streptococcus?
Streptococcus agalactiae
29
What bacteria is group D - Beta hemolytic Streptococcus?
Enterococcus faecalis; E. faecium
30
What Streptococci can be resistant to vancomycin?
Enterococcus
31
What is the Habitat of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Human throat and skin
32
What is the Mode of Transmission of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Respiratory Droplets
33
hat diseases do Streptococcus pyogenes cause (Group A Streptococci)?
- Strep throat - Necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating disease) - Scarlet fever (pyrogenic erythrogenic toxin) - Rheumatic fever - Impetigo - Erysipelas - Cellulitis - Glomerulonephritis - Otitis media - Sinusitis - Toxic Shock Syndrome
34
What is necrotizing fasciitis?
flesh eating bacteria which causes rapid progressive tissue damage, severe infection caused by Group A Strep. bacteria
35
What is Scarlet fever?
The complication of strep throat
36
What toxin is responsible for Scarlet fever
pyrogenic erythrogenic toxin
37
What is Erysipelas?
- Erysipelas is a type of cellulitis (skin infection) generally caused by Group A Streptococci - The risk factor associated with this infection include local trauma (break in the skin), skin ulceration, and impaired venous or lymphatic drainage. - Reddening of skin, distinct margin, swollen lymph nodes, pain, fever, chills, and leukocytosis
38
What is Rheumatic fever?
- Complication of Strep Throat. It is an immune response. They cross react with heart valves and cause damage - Definition: a severe disease chiefly of children and characterized by painful inflammation of the joints and frequently damage to the heart valves
39
What is Cellulitis?
Inflammation of the cellular or connective tissue
40
What is Glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney
41
What is Otitis Media?
Middle ear infection
42
What is Sinusitis?
Inflammation of one of the paranasal sinuses
43
What is Toxic Shock Syndrome?
An acute infection characterized by high fever, a sunburn-like rash, vomiting, and diarrhea, followed in severe cases by shock, that is caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes
44
What are the Characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae?
- Gram-positive in chains - Beta hemolytic - Catalase negative - Hippurate hydrolysis positive
45
What Group of Streptococci does S. agalactiae belong to?
Group B Streptococci
46
What is the Habitat of Streptococcus agalactiae?
Human urogenital tract
47
What is the Mode of Transmission of Streptococcus agalactiae?
During Birth or sexual activity
48
What diseases can Streptococcus agalactiae cause?
Neonatal meningitis and septicemia
49
What are the Characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis?
- Gram-positive chains - Catalase negative - Gamma hemolytic - PYR + - BEM positive - NaCl positive
50
What Group of Streptococci does Enterococcus faecalis belong to?
Group D Streptococci
51
What is the Habitat of Enterococcus faecalis?
Human Colon Urethra and female genital tract Are part of the normal intestinal flora
52
What diseases do Enterococcus faecalis cause?
Urinary Tract Infection Wound infections Infection Endocarditis rare but life-threatening Bacteremia
53
What are the Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae (non- Lancefield)?
-Gram-positive cocci in elongated pairs (lancets) or short chains -Alpha hemolytic -Catalase negative -Polysaccharide capsule (can be mucoid) -85 serotypes based on antigenicity of polysaccharide capsule -P-disk resistant
54
What is the Habitat of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Human Upper Respiratory Tract
55
What is the Mode of Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Respiratory Droplet
56
What diseases does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?
Pneumonia (60%) and meningitis in adults Otitis media and sinusitis in children
57
What are the Characteristics of Viridans group Streptococci?
Gram-positive in chains Alpha hemolytic BEM negative NaCl negative PYR negative
58
What is the Habitat of Viridans Group Streptococci?
Human Oropharynx (Oral Cavity)
59
What is the Mode of Transmission of Viridans Group Streptococci?
Bloodstream during dental procedure
60
What diseases does Viridans Group Streptococci cause?
Sub-acute bacterial endocarditis Dental caries (S. mutans)
61
What does Streptococcus mutans cause?
Dental caries; AKA Dental cavities. It adheres to enamel of tooth and ferments sugars to lactic acid which erodes teeth
62
What are some characteristics of Neisseria?
Gram-negative diplococci, inhabit mucous membranes, aerobic or facultative anaerobes, and produce the enzyme cytochrome oxidase
63
What are 2 pathogenic species of Neisseria?
Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
64
Where is Neisseria meningitidis commonly found?
in the human nasopharynx
65
How is Neisseria meningitidis transmitted?
By respiratory droplets
66
How is Neisseria meningitidis spread?
In packed/crowded populations
67
How many serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis are there?
13 (determined by capsule)
68
What are the virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis?
pili, transport, polysaccharide surface, protease, endotoxin, crosses to meninges, inflammatory response in brain
69
What is the mortality rate of Neisseria meningitidis even with treatment?
5-15%
70
Which group of people has the highest the rate of Neisseria meningitidis?
children (6-24 months) young (11-21 years)
71
How do you diagnose Neisseria meningitidis in the lab?
Culture on special medium, differentiate by carbohydrate utilization test, DNA probe tests, and serological tests
72
How do you treat Neisseria meningitidis?
prompt antibiotic usage
73
How do you prevent Neisseria meningitidis?
vaccines (2/4 in US)
74
What is the pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the genital tract?
male: acute urethritis, discomfort, pain, discharge, dysuria, polyuria, or asymptomatic female: endocervical infection, rectal, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, PID
75
What are some other infections of Neisseria gonorrho?
conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, septicemia, and meningitis
76
What are the virulence factors of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
pili, transport, polysaccharide surface(antiphagocytic), protease(cleaves IgA antibodies), endotoxin(DIC), antigenic variation
77
How do you diagnose Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the lab?
presumptive- intracellular G- diplococci in smears of urethral pus, NAA
78
What drugs are required by most states to be instilled into infants eyes to prevent gonococcal infections?
Erythromycin or silver nitrate
79
What are the nonpathogenic Neisseria related species?
Saprophytic species
80
What Neisseria related species are Gram-negative diplococci / bacilli that cause conjunctivitis, otitis media, sinusitis, respiratory infections?
Moraxella catarrhalis -butyrate esterase positive -carbohydrate utilization test - negative
81
Bacillus anthracis
red fluid filled lesion that eventually turns black and necrotic form bleeding
82
Corynebacterium jeikeium
chronic urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and wound infections in immunocompromised patients
83
Corynebacterium diptheriae
a pulmonary infection that commonly presents with fever, cough or chest pain. It can also present as pneumonia, lung abscesses, or cavitary lesions. Central nervous system symptoms include headaches, lethargy, confusion and seizures.
84
Gardnerella vaginalis
malodorous grayish vaginal discharge, presence of clue cells and increased vaginal pH usually greater than 4.5

Diagnostic Microbiology (11 decks)

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