Exam 1 review Flashcards
What is included in the gulf of evaluation?
Perception
Interpretation
Evaluation
What is included in the gulf of execution?
Intention
Action plan
Execution
What does the wheel consist of?
Analyze
Design
Implement
Evaluate
What is the wheel also called?
UX life-cycle
Define: UX Analysis
The analysis of the users’ current work flow and activities to understand the users’ work domain, needs, and desires
What is UX Analysis also known as?
Requirements analysis
What are the key aspects of UX analysis?
Learn about the people themselves
Understanding the current work process
Studying the environment that they work in
What should you do for people in UX analysis?
Offer convenient and satisfying functionality
What should you do for process in UX analysis?
Offer functionality that meets the needs of the work
What should you do for environment in UX analysis?
Offer functionality that improves upon the artifacts and tools they currently use
Define: Contextual Inquiry
The gathering of detailed data on the work practices of users
Define: Contextual Analysis
The identification, sorting, organization, interpretation, consolidation, and communication of contextual inquiry data
Define: Requirements extraction
The process of identifying needs and requirements from the contextual analysis
Define: Model Construction
The process of creating models of the users, processes, and environment based on the extracted requirements
Define: Work Activity Note
a simple and succinct statement about a single concept, topic, or issue synthesized from the work activity data
T/F Each work activity note is tagged with a source ID
T
Each activity work note should be…
Compact and concise
Complete and self-standing
T/F Work activity notes should not use pronouns
T
T/F Each work activity note should use work roles to represent persons
T
What is requirements extraction about?
Developing requirements statements
Define: Requirement statements
A statement that describes some feature or functionality required by users for a particular category of tasks, and usually corresponds to one or more work activity notes.
How is a requirements statement structured
Name of major feature or category
Name of second-level feature or category
Requirements statement [IDs of relevant notes]
Rationale (If useful)
Note (Optional)
What is model construction about?
The users, their processes, and their environment
Define: Design thinking
An approach to creating a product to evoke a particular user experience
Define: Conceptual Design
The communication of a mental model of a design vision through a theme, notion, or metaphor
Define: Design Production
The refinement of a design through multiple iterations, each more refined than the previous
What are the three primary tools for design thinking?
User personas
Ideation
Sketching
Define: User Persona
A pretend or “hypothetical archetype” user
What does a user persona represent?
A specific person in a specific work role with specific user class characteristics
Define: User Class
A description of the relevant characteristics of the user population who can take on a specific work role
T/F Each persona is a story and description of a specific individual who has a name, a life, and a personality
T
What are the tools for aiding the conceptual design process?
Metaphors
Design scenarios
Sequence models
Storyboards
Physical mockups
Define: Metaphor
An analogy to explain unfamiliar concepts using familiar or conventional knowledge
List 3 different perspectives of metaphors
Ecological perspective
Interaction perspective
Emotional perspective
Define: Scenario
A written outline giving details of a story line plot and individual scenes of the story
What does a scenario focus on?
Needs, goals, and concerns of users
What are design scenarios used for?
Brainstorming and to communicate concepts to stakeholders
T/F Design scenarios are the same as usage scenarios used during analysis
F, they are different
Define: Storyboard
A sequence of visual “frames” illustration the interplay between a user and an envisioned system
T/F Storyboards could be thought of as a comic-book style illustration of a design scenario, with a dialogue showing sequences of flow from frame to frame
T
Define; Physical mockup
A tangible, three-dimensional, physical prototype or a model of a device or product
What can be used during exploration and evaluation to simulate physical interaction?
Physical mockup
List the pros of prototyping
Concrete communication of designs
Allow for test drives and evaluations of design
Provide project visibility and buy-in
Help transitions from the old system to the new
List the cons of prototyping
Can potentially sour the client on the design due to limitations of the prototype
Can promise more than what will be delivered in the final product due to prototype “magic”
Can lead to overworking a prototype instead of progressing forward
Define: Horizontal Prototype
A prototype very broad in features, but offers less depth in its coverage of functionality
Define: Vertical Prototype
A prototype that contains as much depth of functionality as possible for one feature
Define: T Prototype
A prototype that realized as much of the design at a shallow level but covers a few features in depth
Define: Local Prototype
A prototype limited in breadth and depth and used to evaluate design alternatives for a particular isolated interaction detail
Define: Fidelity
The degree of exactness with which the intended product is realized in a prototype
Define: Low-Fidelity Prototype
A prototype that provides impressions of the intended design
Define: Interactivity
The degree of exactness with which interactions are realized in a prototype
Define: Quantitative
Numeric data regarding the user experience
What is an example of quantitative data?
Number of errors made by a user during a
benchmark task
What is the pro of quantitative data?
Easy to process and analyze
What is the con of quantitative data?
Provides limited information
Define: Qualitative
Non-numeric, descriptive data describing the user experience
What is the pro of qualitative data?
Provides rich information
What is the con of qualitative data?
Difficult to process and analyze
What is an example of qualitative data?
A user’s verbal recount of thoughts and actions
taken during a benchmark task
Define: Objective
Data observed directly by an evaluator or an observer
What is an example of objective?
Number of errors made by a user during a task
What is the pro of objective?
Does not vary among observers
What is the con of objective?
Does not provide insight to the user’s opinion
Define: Subjective
Data that represents an opinion, judgment, or other
personally based feedback
What is an example of subjective?
A user’s satisfaction rating for a user interface
What is the pro of subjective?
Provides insight to the user’s opinion
What is the con of subjective?
Varies from person to person
Define: Formative Evaluation
Helps to form the design
Define: Summative Evaluation
Helps to sum up the design
Define: Formal Evaluation
Typified by controlled hypothesis testing with an m by n
factorial design, x independent variables, y dependent
variables, and complex statistical methods
Define: Informal Evaluation
Typified by ad hoc testing without experimental controls, with
smaller numbers of participants, and only summary
descriptive statistics
Formal evaluations are ____-oriented
Science
Informal evaluations are ____-oriented
Engineering
Define: Rapid Evaluation
An evaluation method that is fast and less expensive, but at the cost
of being less effective
Define: Rigorous Evaluation
An evaluation method that maximizes effectiveness and minimizes
the risk of errors, regardless of speed or cost
Define: Lab-based Study
Controls the environment to limit distractions
Define: Field Study
Uses the real work context to improve ecological validity
Define: Ecological Validity
The realism with which an experimental design matches
the user’s real work context
Give an example of high ecological validity
Testing a new web browser at the client’s location while
completing other everyday tasks
Give an example of low ecological validity
Testing a new web browser in a lab while instructing the
user what tasks to complete
Define: Analytic Evaluation
An evaluation based on analyzing the inherent
attributes of the design rather than observing the
design in use
Define: Empirical Evaluation
An evaluation based on data collected while
observing real user participants using the design
What does an empirical evaluation require?
Participants representative of the end users
What is an analytic evaluation conducted with?
UX experts
Define: Likert Scale
A range of values describing an attribute that is the focus of a
question
What are the extreme values in a Likert scale called?
Anchors
Define: Perception
Receiving sensory stimuli from the environment
Define: Cognition
Processing stimuli and memories to understand the
environment
Define: Motor Skills
Physically executing actions selected by cognition
List the things the human perception is biased by
Past and our experiences
Present and the current context
Future and our goals
Define: Gestalt Principles
Visual phenomena optimized to see structure
What are examples of the gestalt principle?
Whole shapes
Figures
Objects
T/F We have high resolution at the fovea
T
Define: Semantic
Memory regarding facts and relationships
Define: Episodic
Memory records of past events
Define: Procedural
Memory of action sequences
Define: Working memory
Our current attention and prior knowledge
What is Fitts’ Law?
Pointing time depends on distance (D) and the
width (W) of the target
What’s an application of steering law?
Context menus
Define: Input device
A physical device that allows communication from
the user to the computer via sensors
What are the six categories of input devices?
Desktop input
Screen-based Input
Tracking
3D Mice
Special-purpose input
Direct human input
List six types of motion trackers
Magnetic
Mechanical
Acoustic
Inertial
Optical
Hybrid
Define: Output Devices
Physical devices allowing communication
from the computer to the user via the senses
List the types of visual displays
Monitor
Head-mounted display
Surround-screen display
Workbench
Hemispherical display
Arm-mounted display
Retinal display
Volumetric display
List the types of auditory displays
Headphones
External speakers
List the types of haptic displays
Ground-references
Body-referenced
Tactile
Combination
Passive
What are the categories of design guidelines?
Eight golden rules
Providing indications
Organizing the user interface
Displaying information
Directing attention
List the eight golden rules
Consistency
Universal usability
Informative feedback
Design dialogs to yield closure
Prevent errors
Easy reversal of actions
Internal locus of control
Reduce short-term memory load
List the principles used to afford the formation of user goals and actions
Modes
Reverse actions
Shortcuts
Requirements
Beginning tasks
User progress
System progress
Task completion
Exits
List the goals of organizing the user interface
Capitalize on patterns
Group similar elements
Reduce memory load
Provide multiple views
Provide flexibility
List the information concerns for displaying information
Consistency
Formatting
Colors
Legibility
Understandability
Compatibility
Overload
List the methods of directing attention
Intensity
Marking
Size
Font
Color
Blinking
Audio
