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Human Factors 250 > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in the Research step of the Human Decision Making?

A

Discovering and applying info.

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2
Q

What is an error?

A

When an action is not achieved

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3
Q

What is a threat?

A

Anything that INFLUENCES the quality of a decision or action

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4
Q

What are the 4 defense layers for error management?

A
  1. Administrative Oversight
  2. Supervisory Controls
  3. Preconditions
  4. Operator Actions
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5
Q

Which of the 4 defense layers would POLICIES and DUTY LIMITS fall under?

A

Administrative Oversight

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6
Q

Which of the 4 defense layers would another person watching and giving feedback fall under?

A

Supervisory Controls

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7
Q

Which of the 4 defense layers would FATIGUE and TIME PRESSURE fall under?

A

Preconditions

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8
Q

Which of the 4 defense layers would ACTIONS fall under?

A

Operator Actions

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9
Q

Define resources as referred to in Wicken’s MRT

A

The brain’s ability to PERFORM specific tasks

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10
Q

What factors influence perception?

A

Pattern recognition, detection of sensations, interpretations, and EXTRANEOUS QUES

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11
Q

Define extraneous ques

A

ADDITIONAL info that influences perception

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12
Q

What does central vision pick up?

A

Acuity and color, details

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13
Q

Define judgement

A

A cognitive process. A decision, opinion, or conclusion after due consideration. The sum of all thoughts and actions.

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14
Q

What is an anomaly?

A

Information that does not fit the story and does not make sense. Humans tend to ignore anomalies.

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15
Q

Compared to your central vision, your peripheral vision is better at what skills in flight?

A

Identifying orientation to your surroundings

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16
Q

When do RELATIVE motion perceptual problems occur in flight environments?

A

When an object does not move ACROSS your field of view. RELATIVE motion = Perceptive

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17
Q

In the evening, shadows falling across the runway make it seem shorter and wider than during the middle of the day, when the sun is high in the sky. What describes the change in visual perception due to the effect of the shadows?

A

Extraneous cues, because something is being ADDED. This is not a LACK of ques…such as loss of depth due to similar coloring

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18
Q

Is you visual acuity approximately the same in your entire field of view?

A

YES!

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19
Q

Is the majority of our perception detected by conscious or subconscious monitoring?

A

Subconscious

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20
Q

What is an example the effect of CONTEXT on your visual perception?

A

An error in recognizing numbers that are out of order. ex. 1235467

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21
Q

What are the 2 different STAGES of the cognitive-multiple resource theory?

A
  1. Perceptual and Cognitive

2. Response Selection and Execution

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22
Q

Load Stress is a common problem most often associated with _____ attention?

A

Selective attention!

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23
Q

What type of attention is known to improve when gauges are placed closer together?

A

Selective attention!

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24
Q

What type of attention degrades due to resource sharing?

A

Divided attention!

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25
Q

Which attention type is associated with immediate loss of situation awareness?

A

Focused attention!

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26
Q

Define Perception

A

The ability to gather and interpret sensory information. Influences by vision, hearing, and vestibular senses

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27
Q

Characteristics of the Perceptual and Cognitive stage?

A

Higher levels of activity to process information

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28
Q

What does the Response Selection and Execution stage entail?

A

Performance of well learned skills

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29
Q

What are the 2 different INPUTS in the cognitive-multiple resource theory?

A
  1. Visual

2. Auditory

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30
Q

What are the 2 different PROCESSING CODES in the cognitive-multiple resource theory?

A
  1. Language skills

2. Spatial skills

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31
Q

What are the 2 different RESPONSES in the cognitive-multiple resource theory?

A
  1. Motor skills

2. Language skills

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of Selective Attention?

A
  • Monitoring SEPERATE SOURCES in a SEQUENCE

- LOAD stress and TIME stress lead to rapidly deteriorating performance

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of Focused Attention?

A
  • Attention is directed to a single or few sources

- DISTRACTIONS and LOSS OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS lead to deteriorating performance

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34
Q

What type of attention is known to improve when you separate yourself from a distraction or utilize CRM?

A

Focused!

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35
Q

What are the characteristics of Divided Attention?

A
  • Performing 2+ tasks at the same time

- RESOURCE SHARING leads to deteriorating performance

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36
Q

What type of attention is being used while maneuvering the plane and talking on the radio at the same time?

A

Divided!

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37
Q

What type of attention is known to improve when you decrease workload/task complexity or prioritize? (ex. aviate, navigate, communicate)

A

Divided!

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38
Q

What are the characteristics of Sustained Attention?

A
  • Monitoring your surroundings for abnormalities

- Hard to maintain for long periods of time

39
Q

What type of attention is being used when flying over open water and you notice your engine running a little rough?

A

Sustained!

40
Q

What type of attention is known to improve when you keep yourself alert by changing tasks or making signals louder/brighter?

A

Sustained!

41
Q

Which type of memory can store and process information without using attention in order to function?

A

Sensory Memory

42
Q

What type of coding is used in short-term memory?

A

Phonetic, Semantic, and Visual

43
Q

What type of coding is used in long-term memory?

A

Semantic - meaningful and memorable

44
Q

What are Engrams?

A

Well developed nerve pathways created by repeated use, used to recall information from long-term memory!

45
Q

What is Vicarious learning?

A

Improper learning by teaching yourself with no negative consequences

46
Q

What is Impaired Troubleshooting?

A

The process of trying to solve the problem

47
Q

What type of memory does NOT require attention?

A

Sensory

48
Q

What type of memory uses chunking to remember 5-9 items at once?

A

Short-term

49
Q

What type of memory retains and retrieves information and skills for long periods?

A

Long-term

50
Q

What characteristics would lead you to make a COGNITIVE judgement?

A
  • REQUIRES MORE TIME
  • Requires more attention
  • Uncertain/new information
  • Multiple factors to consider
51
Q

What characteristics would lead you to make a PERCEPTUAL judgement?

A
  • Takes less time to make a decision
  • The situation is FAMILIAR
  • Skills are well learned
52
Q

How often do professionals use Recognition-Prime Decision making?

A

About 90% of the time due to previous experience/familiarization

53
Q

How often do professionals use Rational Choice Decision making?

A

About 10% of the time in UNfamiliar situations - options need to be created not recalled

54
Q

Where in the Rational Choice Decision-making model is a pilot when they’re flying over open water, and suddenly noticing the engine running a little rough?

A

Problem DISCOVERY

55
Q

What best describes the Vigilance stage of RCD-M?

A
  • Focused attention

- Anticipating change and risks

56
Q

What best describes the Problem Discovery stage of RCD-M?

A
  • Recognizing a change using experience and knowledge
57
Q

What best describes the Problem Diagnosis stage of RCD-M?

A
  • Correctly identifying a problem by gathering info, memory recall, and reasoning
58
Q

What best describes the Alternative Generation stage of RCD-M?

A
  • Recalling or CREATING options, critical thinking
59
Q

What best describes the Risk Analysis stage of RCD-M?

A
  • Assessing the LIKELIHOOD of success or failure for each option
60
Q

What best describes the Background stage of RCD-M?

A
  • Emotional aspects influencing decisions

- Influences EVERYTHING

61
Q

What best describes the Decision stage of RCD-M?

A
  • Choosing an option
62
Q

What best describes the Action stage of RCD-M?

A
  • The process of coordinating actions to carry out your choice
  • Motor, communication skills
63
Q

What is Hindsight Bias?

A
  • Not asking for enough info. OR asking for too much
  • Cherry picking, Shopping bag (out of sequence)
  • ex. “I would never do that”
64
Q

What is First Impression Bias?

A
  • Early info is considered as more accurate and important
65
Q

What is Confirmation Bias?

A
  • The tendency to favor information that you want to see, and ignore info that you dislike
66
Q

What is Expectation Bias?

A
  • Tendency to believe info that meets our beliefs/preconceptions, and reject info that conflicts with our expectations
  • Believing only what you think is right
67
Q

What is the Application step of the Human Decision Making?

A

What you find, the design.

68
Q

What is involved in the Performance step of the Human Decision Making?

A

Effectiveness with human use, results.

69
Q

What would you call a preference, or assumption, in the way we approach decisions based on prior experience?

A

A Bias! This is NOT a conscious decision.

70
Q

How does bias influence decision making?

A

Leads us to make subconscious assumptions and FILTER information

71
Q

What is the phrase “Don’t fall in love with a theory” referring to?

A

First impression bias. If you find one piece of info and run with it and jump to a conclusion, that is all you will be able to see.

72
Q

What is expectation bias?

A

When we believe information that fits our beliefs/preconceptions, and reject info that does not

73
Q

An alarm was repeatedly sounding when system testing was being performed. Even when the crew was advised it was a test, they would often react when they heard the alarm sound. This would be known as what type of attention anomaly?

A

Negative Transfer

74
Q

What is Negative Transfer?

A

When you have a previously well-established pattern that you continue to use in new, inappropriate settings

75
Q

You 1st learned how to drive on a stick shift, and on your birthday your parents bought you a brand new automatic. You take it for a spin and find yourself continuing to reach for the clutch that you know is not there in this new car. This would be known as what type of attention anomaly, and what type of error?

A

Negative Transfer, and a Skill-based error!

76
Q

An alarm was repeatedly sounding when system testing was being performed. Later that day, the same alarm sounded for a real emergency, but when questioned later, none of the controllers said they heard it. Recordings showed the alarm had sounded. Why did the controllers not perceive it?

A

Habituation

77
Q

What is habituation?

A

When we being filtering out information that we become used to subconsciously

78
Q

During an emergency at the airport, ATC informed fire/rescue of an accident, but gave them the wrong runway location (17R instead of 17L). During a review, the administrator stated “I can’t believe the controller doesn’t know the runway numbers by now. What an idiot. All he needed to do was tell them the correct runway and he screwed that up.” What bias do you see in the administrator’s statements?

A

Hindsight Bias - because the administrator does not think about it being easy to blurt out the wrong information after just observing something like an accident…not asking enough info

79
Q

What is a common bias in information processing?

A

We seek more information than our short term memory can hold

80
Q

You decided to read the key words instead of reading all the words, like you normally would do, to save time. This is an example of what method to increase the speed of your performance during time pressure?

A

Filtering Information

81
Q

You decide to answer each question as soon as you find the correct answer instead of reading all the options, like you normally would do, to save time. This is an example of what method to increase the speed of your performance during time pressure?

A

Altering Strategies

82
Q

What are some limitations of our Short-Term Memory?

A
  1. Seeks more info than can be retained
  2. Considers few options
  3. Only considers critical aspects
83
Q

What are some challenges we face with Evaluation?

A
  1. We consider all info to be equally reliable

2. Giving the benefit of the doubt…placing an option on the “jack”

84
Q

Is time stress more often a result of poor planning, or emergencies?

A

Poor planning!

85
Q

What are the 3 types of Errors, and why do we bother to classify them?

A
  1. Skill-based
  2. Decision
  3. Perceptual
    - To correct the process of the error committed
    - Prevent the same error from being committed again
86
Q

What are the 2 types of violations?

A
  1. Routine

2. Exceptional

87
Q

Breaking a rule on accident, without knowing it, would be considered what type of error?

A

Perceptual error

88
Q

Breaking a rule on purpose would be considered what type of error?

A

Decisional error

89
Q

Retracting the landing gear instead of the flaps is an example of what type of error?

A

Skill-based error

90
Q

Having a hard landing due to poor interpretation of sensory info (visual, spatial) is an example of why type of error?

A

Perceptual error

91
Q

What type of violation is habitual in nature, and tolerated by the supervisory level?

A

Routine Violations

92
Q

What determines if a violation is Routine or Exceptional?

A

The supervisory levels reaction or non-reaction

93
Q

Do the links in an Error Chain always influence each other?

A

No, they can be completely independent, but together they create a hazard.

94
Q

What are the 2 ways we manage risks?

A
  1. Minimizing the frequency of the error (ex. installing a stop sign)
  2. Reducing the consequences of the error already committed (ex. shock absorbing seats)

Human Factors 250 (3 decks)

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