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Human Factors 250 > Block 3 Review > Flashcards

Block 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Reversing the controls of an aircraft often results in an accident. Controlling an aircraft in which your inputs result in the opposite of your expectations is an example of which TYPE of COMPATIBILITY problem?

A

Movement!

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2
Q

Coloring a switch red to indicate that is has a critical function would be an example of what TYPE of COMPATIBILITY?

A

Conceptual!

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3
Q

Moving a switch upward to turn the device on and downward to turn it off would be an example of what TYPE of COMPATIBILITY?

A

Movement!

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4
Q

Locating a control next to an instrument that monitors the function it affects would be an example of what TYPE of COMPATIBILITY?

A

Spatial!

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5
Q

Does standardization guarantee compatibility?

A

No! Standardization of machines does NOT create automatic compatibility with all humans

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6
Q

What is standardization?

A

The principle that all workstations (machines) are identical

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7
Q

What are the main principles of MODALITY COMPATIBILITY?

A
  • LANGUAGE tasks are performed better when using AUDITORY INPUTS and VOCAL OUTPUTS
  • SPATIAL tasks are performed better with VISUAL INPUTS and MANUAL OUTPUTS
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8
Q

What type of tasks are performed better with VISUAL INPUTS and MANUAL OUTPUTS? Name one example.

A
  • Spatial

- Driving!

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9
Q

What type of tasks are performed better with AUDITORY INPUTS and VOCAL OUTPUTS? Name one example.

A
  • Verbal

- Conversation!

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10
Q

Symbols you see on an aeronautical chart from Australia do not make sense to you. What is a likely cause of this problem? Which step of the Communication Process Model are you failing at? What type of COMPATIBILITY issue does this represent?

A
  1. Lack of STANDARDIZATION among countries
  2. Reciever DECODING
  3. CONCEPTUAL compatibility
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11
Q

Changing the location of controls on the ATC console or in the aircraft could lead to negative transfer in an emergency and use of the wrong control. This would also be a factor in terms of what type of compatibility?

A

Spatial - because LOCATION/ORGANIZATION of controls changed

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12
Q

What are the 5 advantages to human performance when designers attend to compatibility issues?

A
  • Faster Response Time and Learning
  • Decreased Mental Workload and Errors
  • User Satisfaction
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13
Q

What is Choice Reaction Time?

A
  • The time it takes to process and respond to a problem

- Improves when info is laid out clearly

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14
Q

What is Task Completion Time?

A
  • The time needed to complete a task
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15
Q

What 2 factors are critical to consider when designing information systems?

A
  1. User Characteristics - language/training, properly encoding the message
  2. Task Analysis - knowing how the info is going to be used
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16
Q

What is the CONCEPT of compatibility?

A
  • The degree to which info and control systems are CONSISTENT with the user’s EXPECTATIONS
  • Is it what you EXPECTED? (if yes, workload and processing decreases)
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17
Q

Define CONCEPTUAL Compatibility

A
  • The degree to which CODES and SYMBOLS coincide with human expectations
  • Largely VISUAL and AUDITORY
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18
Q

Define MOVEMENT Compatibility

A
  • The degree to which MOVEMENT of displays/controls and system responses coincide with human expectations
  • Ex: Electric window controls, righty-tighty lefty-loosey.
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19
Q

Define SPATIAL Compatibility

A
  • The degree to which PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT of displays/controls coincide with human expectations
  • Ex: Stove top burners and their respective switches
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20
Q

Define MODALITY Compatibility

A
  • The combination of COGNITIVE RESOURCES and the completion of TASKS
  • Visual inputs + Manual outputs = Spatial Tasks (driving)
  • Auditory inputs + Vocal outputs = Verbal Tasks (conversation)
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21
Q

What are the 2 types of QUANTITATIVE displays?

A
  1. Digital

2. Analog

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22
Q

What are the advantages of a Quantitative DIGITAL Display?

A
  1. Faster interpretation of values
  2. Greater precision in reading and adjusting
  3. EASIER TO INTERPRET IN TURBULENCE
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23
Q

What are the disadvantages of a Quantitative DIGITAL Display?

A
  1. Difficult to read when values change quickly (Gas meter)
  2. Difficult to detect RATES of fluctuation
  3. No values/scales for reference/comparison
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24
Q

What are the advantages of a Quantitative ANALOG Display?

A
  1. Better assessment of the RATE/DIRECTION of changes
  2. Provides values/scales for reference/comparison (ex. red line)
  3. Moving POINTERS vs moving scales
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25
Q

What are the disadvantages of a Quantitative ANALOG Display?

A
  1. Parallax (design concern)
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26
Q

What is the design goal of Qualitative Visual Displays?

A
  1. To give an approximate value, trend, or rate of change
  2. Predetermined Guidelines = quick interpretation
    Ex: “Oil pressure is in the green”
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27
Q

What is the design goal of Combination Display Systems?

A
  • Combine Quant. and Qual. gauges to increase interpretation speed (fewer cognitive steps)
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28
Q

What is the design goal of Check Readings/Gauges?

A
  1. Redundant systems configured together so they can be assessed as a group
  2. Many systems scanned at once to identify error
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29
Q

What are the 4 major Categories of Information?

A
  1. Quantitative
  2. Qualitative
  3. Status
  4. Caution and Warning Systems
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30
Q

What type of information would you expect to receive from a Status Display?

A
  • System Conditions
  • Indications that are just there…they don’t try to grab your attention
    Ex: On/Off
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31
Q

What are some disadvantages to Heads-Up Displays?

A
  1. Not ideal in low contrast/low light
  2. Focusing on the glass instead of outside the a/c
  3. Still must transition to peripheral vision for round-out/flare execution
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32
Q

What are the 4 Rules of Caution and Warning Systems?

A
  1. Location: within 30° of Line of Sight
  2. Detectability: double the 99% level of detectability
  3. Contrast: 3x brighter than the background
  4. Flash Rates: 3-10 per second is ideal.
    - In a/c there are 2 different rates. First 3-5/sec, then an additional
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33
Q

Why are poor layouts tolerated in some settings?

A

The human has a great ability to adapt and learn

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34
Q

Control layout has an impact on performance. Which type of compatibility is the primary concern of workstation layouts?

A

Spatial!

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35
Q

What are the 5 advantages of compatibility?

A
  1. Increases learning
  2. Increases user satisfaction
  3. Improves performance
  4. Improves response time
  5. Decreases Errors
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36
Q

How does eye location alter/affect perception?

A
  • Field flow increases/decreases

- Vision can become obsturcted

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37
Q

What are the 5 main guidelines for accomplishing auditory signal/alarm detection?

A
  1. 15 decibels greater than MASKING THRESHOLD, but no more than 25 decibels
  2. Complex (different frequencies)
  3. Localization (Ambient noise to both ears)
  4. Contrast (from background noise)
  5. Conceptual (compatibility)
38
Q

What are 3 methods of tactile feedback?

A
  1. Control identification (tactile)
  2. Feeling the activation (vibration)
  3. Hearing the activation (click)
39
Q

What are the 4 Error Defense Layers?

A
  1. Administrative
  2. Supervisory Control
  3. Operator Actions
  4. Preconditions
40
Q

Why do we study human factors?

A
  • The #1 cause of accidents

- Errors are repeated so we try to address the problem and correct it

41
Q

What is the difference between Exceptional and Routine errors? Which defense layer determines this?

A
  • How well it is TOLERATED
  • The SUPERVISORY control of the error defense layers determines the type of error that has been committed by the OPERATOR
42
Q

Which of the 4 defense layers can actually increase the likelihood of errors?

A
  • Preconditions
43
Q

What does central vision pick up?

A
  • Color
  • Acuity
  • Details
44
Q

What does peripheral vision pick up?

A
  • Movement (Field Flow)

- Orientation

45
Q

What are the 4 different types of Attention?

A
  1. Selective
  2. Focused
  3. Divided
  4. Sustained
46
Q

Load Stress is a common problem most often associated with _____ attention

A

Selective attention!

47
Q

What type of attention is known to improve when gauges are placed closer together?

A

Selective - because it improves the SEQUENCE in which info is interpreted

48
Q

What type of attention degrades due to resource sharing?

A

Divided attention!

49
Q

Which attention type is associated with immediate loss of situation awareness?

A

Focused attention!

50
Q

What are the 2 different INPUTS in Wicken’s cognitive-multiple resource theory?

A
  1. Visual

2. Auditory

51
Q

What are the 2 different PROCESSING CODES in Wicken’s cognitive-multiple resource theory?

A
  1. Language skills

2. Spatial skills

52
Q

What are the 2 different RESPONSES/OUTPUTS in Wicken’s cognitive-multiple resource theory?

A
  1. Motor skills

2. Language skills

53
Q

What are the characteristics of Selective Attention?

A
  • Monitoring SEPERATE SOURCES in a SEQUENCE

- LOAD stress and TIME stress lead to rapidly deteriorating performance

54
Q

What are the characteristics of Focused Attention?

A
  • Attention is directed to ONE or few sources

- DISTRACTIONS and LOSS OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS lead to deteriorating performance

55
Q

What type of attention is known to improve when you separate yourself from a distraction or utilize CRM?

A

Focused!

56
Q

What are the characteristics of Divided Attention?

A
  • Performing 2+ tasks at the same time

- RESOURCE SHARING leads to deteriorating performance

57
Q

What type of attention is known to improve when you decrease workload/task complexity or prioritize? (ex. aviate, navigate, communicate)

A

Divided

58
Q

What are the characteristics of Sustained Attention?

A
  • Monitoring your surroundings for abnormalities

- Hard to maintain for long periods of time

59
Q

What type of attention is known to improve when you keep yourself alert by changing tasks or making signals louder/brighter?

A

Sustained - you must constantly fight to maintain it

60
Q

How often do professionals use Rational Choice Decision making vs. Recognition-Prime Decision making?

A
  • 10% of the time (unfamiliar situations) compared to 90% of the time
61
Q

Where in the Rational Choice Decision-making model is a pilot when they’re flying over open water, and suddenly noticing the engine running a little rough?

A

Problem DISCOVERY

62
Q

What best describes the Vigilance stage of the RCD-M?

A
  • Focused attention

- Anticipating change and risks

63
Q

What best describes the Problem Diagnosis stage of the RCD-M?

A
  • Correctly identifying a problem by gathering info, memory recall, and reasoning
64
Q

What are the 8 steps to the Rational Choice Decision-making model?

A
  1. Vigilance
  2. Problem Discovery
  3. Problem Diagnosis
  4. Alternative Generation
  5. Risk Analysis
  6. Bcak-ground
  7. Decision
  8. Action
65
Q

What is Hindsight Bias?

A
  • Not asking for enough info. OR asking for too much
  • Cherry picking, Shopping bag (out of sequence)
  • ex. “I would never do that”
66
Q

What is Expectation Bias?

A
  • Tendency to believe info that meets our beliefs/preconceptions, and reject info that conflicts with our expectations
  • Believing only what you think is right
67
Q

What is Confirmation Bias?

A
  • The tendency to favor information that you want to see, and ignore info that you dislike
68
Q

An alarm was repeatedly sounding when system testing was being performed. Even when the crew was advised it was a test, they would often react when they heard the alarm sound. This would be known as what type of attention anomaly?

A

Negative Transfer

69
Q

An alarm was repeatedly sounding when system testing was being performed. Later that day, the same alarm sounded for a real emergency, but when questioned later, none of the controllers said they heard it. Recordings showed the alarm had sounded. Why did the controllers not perceive it?

A

Habituation

70
Q

What is Habituation?

A

When we being filtering out information that we become used to subconsciously

71
Q

During an emergency at the airport, ATC informed fire/rescue of an accident, but gave them the wrong runway location (17R instead of 17L). During a review, the administrator stated “I can’t believe the controller doesn’t know the runway numbers by now. What an idiot. All he needed to do was tell them the correct runway and he screwed that up.” What bias do you see in the administrator’s statements?

A

Hindsight Bias - because the administrator does not think about it being easy to blurt out the wrong information after just observing something like an accident…not asking enough info

72
Q

What is a common bias in information processing?

A

We seek more information than our short term memory can hold

73
Q

When someone does exactly what they intended to do - carelessly of not, what type of error have they committed?

A

A Decisional Error!

74
Q

Do the links in an Error Chain always influence each other?

A

No, they can be completely independent, but together they increase the likelihood of an error

75
Q

What are the 2 ways we manage risks?

A
  1. Minimizing the FREQUENCY of the error (ex. installing a stop sign)
  2. Reducing the CONSEQUENCE of the error already committed (ex. shock absorbing seats)
76
Q

What are the 2 ways people prefer to GATHER INFORMATION according to the Meyers-Briggs model?

A

Sensation (facts) and Intuition (metaphors)

77
Q

What are the 2 ways people prefer to MAKE DECISION according to the Meyers-Briggs model?

A

Thinking and Feeling

- Have the least amount of conflict

78
Q

What are the 2 ways people prefer to PERFORM according to the Meyers-Briggs model?

A

Judging (organized) and Perceiving (adaptation)

79
Q

There is a smoky smell in the aircraft. When you alert other crew members, their lack of concern decreases your fear that a serious problem may exist. None of you expected it to be a fire. What is this an example of and why?

A

Risky Shift, because the few people you spoke to about it did not wanted it to be a problem

80
Q

You are intimidated by a strong leader and his group, to the point that you are now unwilling to voice your opposition and just go along with their plan. What is this an example of?

A

Groupthink

81
Q

What are characteristics of Groupthink?

A
  • Individuals are unwilling to verbalize disagreement with the leader (unquestioned morality, pressure to conform, COHESIVE IN GROUP)
  • Close minded
  • Illusion of unanimity in silence
  • Resignation and Invulnerability
82
Q

What is Risky Shift?

A
  • When a few people are involved in risk assessment

- Group discussion leads to emphasis, and a shift of the group’s perception of risk

83
Q

What are the 2 different cultural perception of time?

A
  1. Monochronic

2. Polychronic

84
Q

What are the 4 overall steps to maintaining Situational Awareness?

A
  1. Vigilance
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Risk Analysis
  4. Action
85
Q

ATTAINING Situational Awareness requires what 2 things?

A
  1. Technical Expertise

2. Crew Skills

86
Q

What are the 4 steps of the Communication Process Model?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Transmitting
  3. Receiving
  4. Decoding
87
Q

What are 3 Barriers to Communication?

A
  1. Physical (Transmitting/Recieving)
  2. Language (Encoding/Decoding)
  3. Interpersonal (Affects all 4)
88
Q

Define Non-Verbal communication

A
  • Visible signals which communicate meaning

- Accounts for 55% of communication

89
Q

What are the 5 components of the Assertive Statement Model?

A
  1. Get the listener’s attention (proximity-touch)
  2. Express an emotion (conveying a challenge)
  3. State the problem clearly
  4. Propose an action/solution
  5. Insist on feedback
90
Q

What are the 4 different Leadership Styles?

A
  1. Autonomous (low task, low relationship)
  2. Assertive (high task, high relationship)
  3. Nurturing (low task, high relationship)
  4. Aggressive (high task, low relationship)
91
Q

In Groupthink, members who disagree are reluctant to speak, as disagreement with the leader does not appear to be acceptable. Which COMMUNICATION BARRIER is a symptom of groupthink?

A

Interpersonal!

92
Q

The radio transmission was clear and said “Continue on the DME arc until you intercept the glideslope.” As a student pilot lost in the clouds, you do not understand the meaning of “DME arc” or “glideslope”. This is an example of what communication BARRIER, and failure of which communication PROCESS?

A
  1. Language Communication Barrier

2. Decoding problem in the pilot’s Communication Model

Human Factors 250 (3 decks)

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