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Human Factors 250 > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the concepts of personality

A
  • Enduring characteristics acquired during through the years
  • Reflects your PREFERENCE in accomplishing goals
  • Not easily changed
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2
Q

How would you describe an introvert?

A
  • Regains energy in solitude (approx. 25% of people)
  • DEPTH of friendship is more appealing
  • Interacts with people at the expense of energy
  • Does not affect social skills
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3
Q

How would you describe an extrovert?

A
  • Regains energy through interaction (approx. 75% of people)

- BREADTH of friendship is more appealing

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4
Q

What are the 2 ways people prefer to GATHER INFORMATION according to the Meyers-Briggs model?

A

Sensation and Intuition

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5
Q

Someone who prefers gathering information through the literal DETAILS, FACTS, and PAST EXPERIENCES would have what type of personality parameter?

A

Sensation

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6
Q

Someone who prefers gathering information by looking at METAPHORS, CONCEPTS, and GUT FEELINGS would have what type of personality parameter?

A

Intuition

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7
Q

Personality typing looks at your _____ regarding how you perceive information

A

Preferences

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8
Q

Are perceptions of other people’s preferences commonly misinterpreted?

A

Yes, especially when they are different from your own

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9
Q

Extroverts who misinterpret introverts will often think that they are _____

A

Unsociable

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10
Q

Do people’s personalities generally remain the same throughout life?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Classifications in the Myers Briggs model represent your _____

A

Preferences

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12
Q

Someone who prefers making decisions based on PERSONAL VALUES and EMOTIONS would have what type of personality parameter?

A

Feeler (6/10 women)

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13
Q

Someone who prefers making decisions based on RULES and FACT would have what type of personality parameter?

A

Thinker (6/10 men)

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14
Q

What are the 2 ways people prefer to MAKE DECISION according to the Meyers-Briggs model?

A

Thinking and Feeling

- Have the least amount of conflict

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15
Q

What are the 2 ways people prefer to PERFORM according to the Meyers-Briggs model?

A

Judging and Perceiving

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16
Q

Someone who prefers to perform based on an ORGANIZED, PLANNED SCHEDULE and COMPLETION would have what type of personality parameter?

A

Judging

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17
Q

Someone who prefers to perform based on OPEN OPTIONS and ADAPTATION would have what type of personality parameter?

A

Perceiving

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18
Q

How are personality and attitude different?

A

Personality is developed early in life, Attitudes are created throughout our entire lives!

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19
Q

Vicarious learning results in the development of what hazardous attitude?

A

Invulnerability!

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20
Q

There is a smoky smell in the aircraft. When you alert other crew members, their lack of concern decreases your fear that a serious problem may exist. None of you expected it to be a fire. What is this an example of and why?

A

Risky Shift, because no one wanted it to be a problem.

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21
Q

You are intimidated by a strong leader and his group, to the point that you are now unwilling to voice your opposition and just go along with their plan. What is this an example of?

A

Groupthink

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22
Q

The procedures you thought you knew well previously when you practiced by yourself are now substandard during your check ride with an FAA inspector. What is this an example of?

A

Group Facilitation

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23
Q

Because you were able to pre-flight faster by skipping some of the checklist items, and nothing bad happened, you now feel skipping checklist items is acceptable for you to do when you are in a hurry. What is this an example of?

A

Vicarious learning and invulnerability

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24
Q

Which hazardous attitudes are clearly present in a group undergoing groupthink, based on the description we discussed in class?

A

Resignation and Invulnerability

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25
Q

Which factor has the greatest determinant if a skill you possess is dominant or non-dominant?

A

Whether it is a well developed skill or not a well developed skill

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26
Q

What are characteristics of Groupthink?

A
  • Individuals are unwilling to verbalize disagreement with the leader (unquestioned morality, pressure to conform)
  • Close minded
  • Illusion of unanimity in silence
  • Resignation and Invulnerability
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27
Q

How would you describe the concept of Group Facilitation?

A
  • When performance changes in the presence of others

- The influence of other people

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28
Q

Dominant skills/tasks

A

INCREASE in performance with a crowd

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29
Q

Non-Dominant skills/tasks

A

DECREASE in performance with a crowd

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30
Q

What is Risky Shift?

A
  • When multiple people are involved in risk assessment

- Group discussion leads to emphasis, and a shift of the group’s perception of risk

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31
Q

Describe Occunence-Seeking and Cohesive In-Group tendencies

A
  • Groupthink
  • When everyone wants to be/stay in the group so they never disagree with anyone
  • Unbalanced Opinion
  • The more you discuss, the more EXTREME and OBSCURED your view becomes
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32
Q

What are the stages in group development where conflict is most common?

A
  1. Leadership Decisions - conflict development over authority/power
  2. Dis-illusion - interpersonal conflict/confrontation
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33
Q

What are the 6 stages of group development?

A
  1. Orientation
  2. Leadership Decisions
  3. Cohesion
  4. Delusion
  5. Dis-illusion
  6. Acceptance
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34
Q

What are the 5 methods people use to manage conflict?

A
  1. Integrating
  2. Compromising
  3. Dominating
  4. Obliging
  5. Avoiding
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35
Q

Finding ways to allow both parties to meet their original goals (figuring out what each party wants) is what type of conflict management?

A

Integration

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36
Q

One party controlling the other to reach its goal is what type of conflict management?

A

Dominating

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37
Q

One party giving in to outside demands in order to achieve their own goal is what type of conflict management?

A

Obliging

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38
Q

Describe dysfunctional conflict

A
  • Conflict that is distracting to the tak at hand

- Irrelevant/does not pertain to the situation

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39
Q

Describe functional conflict

A
  • Raises new issues, view points and creativity
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40
Q

As groups mature, 1.____ feedback INCREASES and 2.____ feedback DECREASES

A
  1. Positive

2. Negative

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41
Q

How else does communication develop as groups mature?

A
  • More specific

- More credible

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42
Q

Define Culture

A
  • A group’s pattern of assumptions, attitudes and values

- The “correct” way to perceive, think, feel and act

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43
Q

What is interpersonal space?

A
  • The space used to separate us according to the situation

- Intimate, personal, social, and public space varies between cultures

44
Q

A ___ CONTEXT culture emphasizes non-verbal communications, trust/honor, position, and personal relationships.

A

High

45
Q

A ___ CONTEXT culture is information and authority based, and puts business negotiations over relationships

A

Low

46
Q

What is Uncertainty Avoidance?

A
  • The degree to which a culture tolerates ambiguity and uncertainty
  • Dependent upon societies comfort with rules/lack of rules
47
Q

A society that tends to avoid rules and is more comfortable in unstructured, flexible situations exhibits __ UA

A

LOW

48
Q

A society that is resistant to change, and prefers rules and managing risks exhibits __ UA

A

HIGH

49
Q

What are the 2 different cultural perception of time?

A
  1. Monochronic

2. Polychronic

50
Q

Individuals who prefer the monochronic time management of certain cultures would tend to:

A
  • Prefer to maintain schedules and appointments on an ordered schedule, treating deviations or problems with rescheduling. – one at a time
51
Q

Individuals who prefer the polychronic time management of certain cultures would tend to:

A
  • Prefer to adapt their schedules and activities, possibly doing several projects at the same time
  • Flexible
52
Q

What is Power Distance?

A
  • The amount of inequality between those of authority and those who do not have power
  • How well those in authority LISTEN to others
  • High and Low
53
Q

In a Democracy where citizens are allowed to vote and give feedback to authority figures, the power distance would be considered ___.

A

LOW, because those in power LISTEN to those not in power.

54
Q

In a Dictatorship where citizens are to do what they are told and not criticize, the power distance would be considered ___.

A

HIGH, because those in power do not listen to those who are not in power.

55
Q

You are doing consulting work for an airline and are suggesting changes to their training program they had not considered before. During the meeting you find the company representatives are resistant to your suggested changes. While they respect your position, they appear they do not want to change their established program. How would you characterize this cultural interaction?

A

Uncertainty Avoidance - High

56
Q

In a certain company, mid-level managers were often asked about policy changes by the executives to get their input. Managers were also expected to point out errors or inefficiencies made by upper management. In another company, managers were not to offer their opinions to upper management unless they were asked. There was no reporting system in this company for the managers to identify errors to the upper management. Which cultural aspect or characteristic do these two groups differ?

A

Power Distance

57
Q

Asserting yourself is an example of ____ conflict

A

Functional conflict!

58
Q

Command Authority:

A
  • Natural command authority (properly fullfilling your roles)
  • Command authority with high power distance (barking out orders/controlling)
59
Q

Participative Management:

A
  • Delegating jobs to avoid resource sharing
  • Improves communication and efficiency (get more done quicker)
  • Lowers power distance!
60
Q

What are the goals of Crew Resource Management?

A
  • Improve the skills necessary for crew coordination (communication and leadership)
  • Extend the judgment model to include others
  • Identify behaviors/ attitudes that are counterproductive to safety
61
Q

Define Situational Awareness

A
  • The ability to RECOGNIZE events occurring, and RESPOND correctly to them!
  • You must fight to maintain situational awareness!!
62
Q

What are the 4 overall steps to maintaining Situational Awareness?

A
  1. Vigilance
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Risk Analysis
  4. Action
63
Q

ATTAINING Situational Awareness requires what 2 things?

A
  1. Technical Expertise (having relevant knowledge and prior experience)
  2. Effective and timely use of crew skills
    - Workload Management
    - Team Building
    - Decision-making
    - Communication
    - Planning
    - Crew Coordination
64
Q

What is Delta’s communication model?

A

“Say the right thing, to the right person, at the right time, in the right way.”

65
Q

Crew Skills are like gears that all effect each other. These “gears” are powered by _____.

A

Communication! Crew skills depend on communication to maintain situational awareness.

66
Q

What are the 4 steps of the Communication Process Model?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Transmitting
  3. Receiving
  4. Decoding
67
Q

What is involved in the ENCODING step of the Communication Process Model?

A
  • Conveying the idea and explaining what you want

- Words, phrases, gestures

68
Q

What is involved in the TRANSMITTING step of the Communication Process Model?

A
  • The reception of the message

- Getting the message out

69
Q

What is involved in the RECEIVING step of the Communication Process Model?

A
  • The message gets to its intended audience
70
Q

What is involved in the DECODING step of the Communication Processing Model?

A
  • The receiver processing and understanding the message
71
Q

What steps can fail in the Communication Processing Model?

A

All 4 steps can fail!

72
Q

Situation awareness requires that the ____ component of the decision-making model be used appropriately

A

Vigilance

73
Q

The gas gauge did not work in the aircraft, and the pilot (thinking the gauge was correct) decided not to visually check for fuel in the tanks. The accident occurred when the engine failed due to fuel starvation. There in the situation awareness model did the pilot fail when he chose to skip pre-flight steps?

A

Vigilance

74
Q

If there is a communication failure, which step of the Communication Process should you change?

A

The Encoding step!

75
Q

Explain an Open Loop of communication

A
  • When a message is sent out, and the sender does not know if the message is received
  • Example: ATIS
76
Q

Explain a Closed Loop of communication

A
  • When a message is sent and the sender receives feedback to indicate if/how accurately the message was received
  • The most optimal form of communication in aviation!
77
Q

What are 3 Barriers to Communication?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Language
  3. Interpersonal
78
Q

Noise, vibration and your surroundings/location would be an example of what Communication Barrier?

A

Physical!

79
Q

What steps of the Communication Process Model are affected by PHYSICAL barriers?

A
  1. Transmitting

3. Receiving

80
Q

Ethnicity, professional jargon and slang would be an example of what Communication Barrier?

A

Language!

81
Q

What steps of the Communication Process Model are affected by LANGUAGE barriers?

A
  1. Encoding

4. Decoding

82
Q

Attitude, mood and expectancy would be an example of what Communication Barrier?

A

Interpersonal!

83
Q

What steps of the Communication Process Model are affected by INTERPERSONAL barriers?

A

All 4 steps!

  1. Encoding
  2. Transmitting
  3. Receiving
  4. Decoding
84
Q

Define Language as a method of communication

A
  • The ‘words’ in an established language which have a common meaning
  • The specific words chosen to convey a message
  • Only 7% of communication is conveyed through actual language
85
Q

Define Paralanguage as a method of communication

A
  • Speech that conveys EMOTION or EMPHASIS
  • HOW you say it
  • Accounts for 38% of communication
86
Q

You hear your friend say “Calm down so I can understand what you are saying” on the phone. This statement is an attempt to alter what aspect of communication?

A

Paralanguage

87
Q

Define Non-Verbal communication

A
  • Visible signals which communicate meaning

- Accounts for 55% of communication

88
Q

Which type of communication does Aviation rely on the most heavily?

A

Language…..meaning we suppress the other 93%

89
Q

What are the 5 components of the Assertive Statement Model?

A
  1. Get the listener’s attention (proximity-touch)
  2. Express an emotion (conveying a challenge)
  3. State the problem clearly
  4. Propose an action/solution
  5. Insist on feedback
90
Q

When should you use an Assertive Statement?

A
  • Dealing with a hazardous attitude

- When typical communication has failed

91
Q

What is the goal of Effective Critique?

A

To inspire the individual to improve their skills/behaviors

92
Q

What is the process of Effective Critique?

A
  1. EXPRESS how the interaction made you FEEL
  2. DESCRIBE the behavior and WHY it should be ALTERED
  3. Give DIRECTION for IMPROVEMENT
  4. Express your CONFIDENCE in their ability to improve
93
Q

Giving authority while retaining responsibility is an example of:

A

Delegation.

Ex: I will let you land the plane but I am still responsible for the outcome of the flight

94
Q

Can Leadership Style vary?

A

Yes, they will change given the task at hand

95
Q

The goal is to get the Leadership Style to match the current 1.____, not the current 2.____.

A
  1. Situation
  2. Attitude
    - Does the situation require a RELATIONSHIP oriented or TASK oriented approach?
96
Q

What are the 4 different Leadership Styles?

A
  1. Autonomous
  2. Assertive
  3. Nurturing
  4. Aggressive
97
Q

A leader who is MOST concerned about accomplishing/completing tasks, and is UNconcerned about relationships and teamwork would be what kind of a leader?

A

Aggressive!

98
Q

A leader who is UNconcerned about completing tasks, and is MOST concerned about working together as a team, building motivation, and trust would be what kind of a leader?

A

Nurturing!

99
Q

A leader who is UNconcerned about efficiently completing tasks, and is UNinterested in the relationship once there is separation would be what kind of a leader?

A

Autonomous!

100
Q

A leader who is MOST concerned about keeping people working, completing tasks, teamwork, and motivation would be what kind of a leader?

A

Assertive! (Generally the best style)

101
Q

In Groupthink, members who disagree are reluctant to speak, as disagreement with the leader does not appear to be acceptable. Which COMMUNICATION BARRIER is a symptom of groupthink?

A

Interpersonal!

102
Q

Air traffic controller notified a pilot of an impending airspace conflict, however, there is no response. How would you classify this communication?

A

Open Loop

103
Q

The radio transmission was clear and said “Continue on the DME arc until you intercept the glideslope.” As a student pilot lost in the clouds, you do not understand the meaning of “DME arc” or “glideslope”. This is an example of what communication BARRIER, and failure of which communication PROCESS?

A
  1. Language Communication Barrier

2. Decoding problem in the pilot’s Communication Model

104
Q

ATC instructed a student pilot, “Continue on the DME arc until you intercept the glideslope.” In this situation, the words “DME arc” and “glideslope” could be defined as:

A

Professional Jargon

105
Q

You arrived late to the safety meeting and missed the announcement regarding closed taxiways. In which step in the Communication PROCESS did the failure occur?

A

Reception! This is an example of a PHYSICAL communication barrier.

Human Factors 250 (3 decks)

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