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AT 103 > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Reciprocating Engines (6)

A

Rotary-Type Radial Engines
In-Line Engines
V-Type Engines
Radial Engines
Multiple-Row Radial Engines
Opposed and Flat Type Engines

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2
Q

Rotary Types Radial Engines

A

Crankshaft is held stationary to the engine mount
Cylinders rotate about the crankshaft
Propeller is attached to the engine case

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3
Q

In-Line Engines

A

Cylinders of an in-line engine are arranged in a row parallel to the crankshaft
Cylinders can be above or below (inverted) the crankshaft

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4
Q

V-Type Engines

A

Cylinders are arranged in two rows, formed the letter V
Angles between the rows are usually 90, 60, or 45°
There are always an even number of cylinders per row

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5
Q

Single-Row Radial Engine

A

Odd number of cylinders extending radially from the centerline of the crankshaft
Cylinders range from 5-9
All pistons are connected to a single-throw 360° crankshaft

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6
Q

Double-Row Radial Engine

A

Resembles two single-row radial engines on a single crankshaft
Cylinders range from 14-18
A two-throw 180° crankshaft is used to allow stagger between each row of cylinders

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7
Q

Multiple-Row Radial Engines

A

The largest and most powerful reciprocating engine

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8
Q

Opposed and Flat Engine Type

A

Most popular for light conventional aircraft and helicopters

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9
Q

Engine Classification (In-line)

A

Upright, inverted

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10
Q

Engine Classification (V-Type)

A

Upright, inverted, Double V, X

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11
Q

Engine Classification (Opposed and Flat)

A

Opposed, flat

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12
Q

Engine Classification (Radial)

A

Single row, double row, multiple row

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13
Q

Difference between letters and numbers to determine engine designation

A

Letters are employed to indicate characteristics
Numerical are employed to indicate displacement

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14
Q

L

A

Left-hand rotation

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15
Q

T

A

Turbocharged

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16
Q

I

A

Fuel Injected

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17
Q

G

A

Geared

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18
Q

S

A

Supercharged

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19
Q

O

A

Opposed Cylinders

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20
Q

R

A

Radial Engine

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21
Q

#

A

Displacement to the nearest 5 in^3

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22
Q

Air Cooled vs. Liquid Cooled

A

Air: Uses the air flow around the engine
Liquid: Passages used to deliver liquid to hot spots on the engine

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23
Q

Crankcase

A

The foundation of the engine

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24
Q

Sections of the Crankcase (4)

A

The Front Section (Nose)
Main Power Section
Fuel Induction and Distribution Section
Accessory Section

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25
Q

Parts of Accessory Section (6)

A

Mounting pads
Fuel Pump
Vacuum Pump
Lubrication Oil Pump
Starters
Magnetos

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26
Q

Types of bearings (3)

A

Plain
Roller
Ball

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27
Q

Bearing functions

A

A part in which devices turns or revolves on a, Journal, Pivot, Pin, Shaft, etc.

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28
Q

Plain Bearings

A

Low-power engines
Mainly designed to take radial loads
Can also be used as a thrust bearing when flanges added

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29
Q

Roller Bearings

A

High-power applications
Made in a variety of shapes and sizes
Tapered rollers can withstand both radial and thrust loads
Straight rollers are used for radial loads

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30
Q

Ball Bearings

A

Provides less friction than any other bearing types

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31
Q

Function of the Crankshaft

A

Transforms reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion to turn the propeller

32
Q

Parts of the crankshaft (4)

A

Main Journal
Crankpin
Crank Cheek or Crank Arm
Counterweights and Dampers

33
Q

Types of crankshafts (4)

A

Single Throw
Double Throw
Four Throw
Six Throw

34
Q

Single Throw Crankshaft

A

Also known as “360°”
Used for single row radial
May be single or two piece
Two piece are referred to as a split-clamp crankshaft

35
Q

Double Throw Crankshaft

A

Also known as “180°”
Generally for double row radials
One throw for each row of cylinders
May be constructed in one or three piece

36
Q

Four Throw Crankshaft

A

For four cylinder opposed and inline engines
V-8 engines
Two throws are 180° apart from the other two throws

37
Q

Six Throw Crankshaft

A

For six-cylinder inline and opposed engines
V-12 Engines
Throws are 60° apart from each other

38
Q

Connecting Rod

A

Connects to the crankshaft

39
Q

Connecting Rod types (3)

A

Plain
Fork and Blade
Master and Articulated

40
Q

Plain Connecting Rod

A

Commonly used for in-line and opposed engines

41
Q

Fork and Blade Connecting Rod

A

Used for V-type engines

42
Q

Master and Articulated

A

Used in radial engines

43
Q

Types of Pistons (5)

A

Flat
Recessed
Concave
Convex
Truncated Cone

44
Q

Piston Ring

A

Are split so they can be slipped over the outside of the piston into ring grooves

45
Q

Types of Piston Rings (3)

A

Plain Butt Joint
Step Joint
Angle Joint

46
Q

Parts of a Cylinder (7)

A

Cylinder Barrel
Cylinder Head
Valve Guides
Valve Rocker-Arm Supports
Valve Seats
Spark Plug Bushings
Cooling Fins

47
Q

Cylinder Barrel

A

High-strength steel alloy
Surface roughness in the barrel is carefully controlled

48
Q

Cylinder Head

A

Encloses the combustion chamber

49
Q

Types of Valves (3)

A

Poppet Type
Intake
Exhaust

50
Q

Poppet Type Valve

A

Forged in one piece

51
Q

General configurations of Poppet Types (4)

A

Flat-Headed
Semi-Tulip
Tulip
Mushroom

52
Q

Exhaust Valve

A

Operates in very high temperatures
Must be designed to dissipate heat rapidly
Accomplished by hollowing the stem and sometimes the head
The hollow portions of the valve is filled with metallic sodium

53
Q

Intake Valve

A

Solid stems
Heads are usually flat for low-power engines
Tulip type are usually for high-power engines
Forged from one piece alloy steel and machined for smooth finish

54
Q

Valve Guides

A

Positioned to support and guide the stems of the valves

55
Q

Valve Seats

A

Are shrunk or screwed into the circular edge of the valve opening in the cylinder head

56
Q

Rocker-Arm

A

For opening and closing the valves

57
Q

Four Stroke/Five Event Cycle

A

Intake Stroke (Suck)
Compression Stroke (Squeeze)
Power Stroke (Bang)
Exhaust Stroke (Blow)

58
Q

Intake Stroke

A

Piston starts at TDC
Intake valve is open
Exhaust valve is closed
Piston moves downward
Air fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder

59
Q

Compression Stroke

A

Intake valve closes
Piston moves back up
Air fuel mixture is compressed in the cylinder
Before piston reached TDC, ignition happens
Ignition is timed to happen few degrees before TDC
Ignition is caused by a sparkplug
Spark ignites the air fuel mixture

60
Q

Power Stroke

A

Also known as expansion stroke
Heat and pressure from ignited air fuel mixture force the piston down
Power is developed during this stroke

61
Q

Exhaust Stroke

A

Also known as Scavenging stroke
Before the piston reaches BDC on the power stroke, exhaust valve opens
Gases in the cylinder are forced out as the piston moves back up

62
Q

Stroke

A

The distance which the piston travels

63
Q

BDC

A

Bottom Dead Center

64
Q

TDC

A

Top Dead Center

65
Q

Two Stroke Engine

A

Mechanically simpler than the four stroke engine
Less efficient
More difficult to lubricate
Similar to four stroke engine with cylinder, piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, and crankcase

66
Q

Diesel

A

Operation principle resembles that of the four stroke gasoline engine
Pure diesel engine requires no electric ignition
Fuel and oils are heavier and cheaper than gasoline engine

67
Q

Displacement

A

Obtained by multiplying the area of a cross section of the cylinder bore by the total distance that the piston moves during one stroke

68
Q

Critical Attitude

A

Highest level at which an engine will maintain a given horsepower output

69
Q

Detonation & Pre-Ignition

A

D: Caused when temperature and pressure of the compressed mixture reach levels to cause explosion
P: Caused when there is a hot spot in the engine that ignites the air fuel mixture before the spark plug fires

70
Q

Types of oil (lubricant) (4)

A

Animal
Vegetable
Mineral
Synthetic

71
Q

Animal Lubricants

A

Highly stable at normal temperatures
Lubricate firearms, sewing machines, clocks, and other light machinery
Unsuitable for engines because fatty acids are produced at high temperatures

72
Q

Vegetable Lubricants

A

Oxidizes when exposed to air
Lower coefficient of friction than mineral oils
Wears away steel rapidly

73
Q

Mineral Lubricants

A

Largely used in aircraft engines
Classified as Solid, Semisolid, & Fluid

74
Q

Synthetic Lubricants

A

Tolerate high temperatures
Mainly used for gas-turbine engines
Does not evaporate and break down at high temperatures
Not made from natural crude oils

75
Q

Characteristics of oil (8)

A

Viscosity
High antifriction characteristics
Maximum fluidity at low temperatures
Minimum changes in viscosity with changes in temperature
High anti-wear properties
Maximum cooling ability
Maximum resistance to oxidation
Noncorrosive

76
Q

Functions of oil

A

Reduce friction between moving parts
Cools various parts of the engine
Seal combustion chamber by filling the spaces between the cylinder walls and piston rings
Cleans the engine by carrying sludge and residues away from moving engine parts to oil filter
Prevent corrosion by protecting metal from oxygen, water, and corrosive agents
Serves as cushion between parts that sees impact loads

AT 103 (5 decks)

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