Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PDX 1 > Exam 1 - Respiratory packet > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Respiratory packet Flashcards

1
Q

Two examples of OTC decongestants?

A

Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do OTC decongestants work?

A

sympathomimetics that work by inducing vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are OTC antihistamines used for?

A

to relieve allergy symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primary side effect of first generation antihistamines (Benadryl)?

A

drowsiness and dryness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

General defense mechanisms of respiratory system? (3)

A

Warming, humidification, filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is normal nasal resistance during inhalation a defense mechanism?

A

Allows more time for warming and humidification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does warming and expansion of air inhaled through the nose act as a defense mechanism?

A

Allows for better air distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of epithelium is in the nasal vestibule?

A

Stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What bacteria is commonly found in the nasal vestibule?

A

Staph aureus, especially in neonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is wide-spread inflammation of the mucosal surface of nasal vestibule a problem?

A

Can compromise immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does most of the mucus seen in a runny nose originate from?

A

Anterior-inferior surface of inferior turbinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does mild inflammation of anterior aspect of inferior turbinate lead to?

A

excess serous mucus and nasal dripping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does inflammation that involves the nasal cavity lead to?

A

Excess gel mucus, less dripping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you determine allergic rhinitis from non-allergic rhinitis?

A

Allergic = more likely to involve eyes and ears, ITCHY. Non-allergic = less likely to involve eyes and ears, NOT ITCHY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

A

nasal congestion, sneezing, itchy/runny nose, itchy/watery eyes, stuffy ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes post-nasal drip?

A

excess mucus cannot be evacuated through anterior nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If mucus involved in post-nasal drip is aspirated into upper airways, what can happen?

A

Trigger asthma attacks or exacerbate cases of COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do particles foreign to nasal mucosa initiate?

A

increased production and flow of nasal secretions, sneeze reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do particles foreign to bronchi mucosa trigger?

A

increased production and flow of bronchial secretions, cough reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 2 things do sneeze and cough reflexes require?

A

Enough air velocity for a forceful sneeze/cough, and the secretions are thin enough to be “cleared” by increased velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Deviation of which septum causes slight concern?

A

Cartilagenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Deviation of which septum causes bigger concern?

A

boney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does deviation of boney septum imply?

A

developmental anomalies involving turbinates and paranasal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are nasal polyps most often associated with?

A

Chronic allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are nasal polyps?
sac-like growths of inflamed mucosa that most often arise from tissue covering the nasal cavity
26
When would nasal polyps be seen during examination?
If they are located on very anterior portion of cavity
27
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity and turbinates?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and mucous glands
28
What is the mucociliary escalator?
important defense mechanism - cilia "whip" in one direction, "grab" mucosal layer and any trapped particles and push it in the direction of the beat
29
What makes up the mucus layer of the nasal cavity?
viscous "gel" mucus from goblet cells
30
What makes up the serous layer of the nasal cavity?
serous mucus from mucous glands = "ciliary bath"
31
Why is Nitric oxide (NO) another important defense mechanism in respiratory system?
powerful anti-microbial agent
32
What happens to NO if mucosa around turbinates swells?
can impede movement of NO out of sinuses
33
How can you diminish the effectiveness of the muco-ciliary escalator? (7)
1. dehydration of ciliary bath 2. over-hydration of ciliary bath 3. increased viscosity of mucus layer 4. sudden/severe temperature change 5. caffeine 6. anti-anxiety meds/tranquilizers 7. cigarettes/alcohol
34
What do OTC expectorants/mucolytic agents do to help muco-ciliary escalator?
may help with mucus production
35
What does pure mucus look like?
clear/white, translucent
36
What does mucopurulent sputum look like?
Not translucent
37
What does yellow or green sputum indicate?
large number of WBCs
38
What does red or brown sputum indicate?
presence of RBCs
39
What should you use for somato-sensory exams of CN I and V?
familiar, mildly aromatic substances such as coffee
40
What is hyposmia/anosmia?
inability to recognize the presence of an odor
41
What causes hyposmia/anosmia?
inflammatory swelling compresses the receptors and makes them dysfunctional
42
What is dysosmia/parosmia?
Can notice presence of odor but have trouble identifying it?
43
What causes dysosmia/parosmia?
damage to receptors and neuroepithelium
44
What do most olfactory problems originate from?
disorders of nasopharynx and/or paranasal sinuses that affect the receptors
45
What is phantosmia/olfactory hallucination?
reporting an odor when no odor is present
46
What does phantosmia imply?
Disorder of the olfactory cortex
47
Where is ciliated epithelium most abundant?
paranasal sinuses
48
What causes "sinus pressure"?
blocked drainage
49
How is mucus moved out of the nasal cavity?
ciliary action moves mucus to ostium -> infundibulum -> meatus of middle turbinate
50
How can soft tissue swelling around the ostia/infundibulum prevent adequate drainage?
cilia of two surfaces come together, this impedes ciliary function
51
Why does tissue in the posterior aspect of the nasal fossae "swell" from side to side in a cyclic manner?
To control air flow between the two sides of the fossa
52
Which area of the nasal cavity is most sinus drainage involved in?
Middle meatus
53
What can infections of the lacrimal gland, nasolacrimal sac, or nasolacrimal duct lead to?
discharge of pus from middle meatus
54
Acute vs chronic sinusitis: painful?
acute = more painful chronic = more uncomfortable than painful
55
Acute vs chronic sinusitis: discharge?
acute = thick yellow/green mucoid discharge, sometimes tinged with blood. Chronic = clear and thin (serous)
56
Acute vs chronic sinusitis: fever?
acute = likely chronic = usually none
57
Sinus exam procedure? (4)
1. history 2. inspection of anterior nares 3. palapation of frontal and maxillary sinuses 4. transillumination of frontal and maxillary sinuses
58
Good independent predictors of sinusitis in adult pts? (5)
1. maxillary toothache 2. purulent secretions 3. poor response to decongestants 4. abnormal transillumination 5. history of purulent discharge
59
Sinusitis red flags? (7)
1. high fever 2. persistent fever 3. visual complaints 4. periorbital edema/erythema 5. changes in mental status 6. severe facial or dental pain 7. infraorbital hypesthesia/hypoesthesia
60
Is use of the nasal specific technique permitted in all jurisdictions?
No
61
What is choanal atresia?
congenital partial or total obstruction of choana by soft tissue and/or bone
62
Is the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube normally open or closed?
Normally closed
63
Why must the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube open?
To allow air into the middle ear cavity
64
What type of epithelium lines the middle ear cavity?
simple cuboidal epithelium that can resorb oxygen
65
What type of epithelium surrounds the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube?
ciliated epithelium
66
What type of epithelium surounds the boney opening of the Eustachian tube?
ciliated epithelium
67
Why are the goblet cells and viscous mucus clinically important in the boney opening of the Eustachian tube?
Can form "mucus plug"
68
What does swelling of mucosa and tubal tonsils around the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube lead to?
intermittent occlusion of the opening
69
When does the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube open?
during talking, chewing, swallowing, etc
70
What does the opening of pharyngeal portion do?
Equilibrate pressure in middle ear with atmospheric pressure
71
What does pressure equilibration allow the tympanic membrane to do?
remain in neutral position
72
When is prolonged obstruction of the pharyngeal opening a concern?
In children
73
What does obstruction of the Eustachian tube cause?
negative pressure in the middle ear -> retraction of the tympanic membrane
74
What is mastoiditis?
inflammation of mastoid air cells
75
What is Libman's test?
used to assess pt pain tolerance - examiner uses thumbs to apply increasing amts of pressure to mastoid processes
76
Why is bacterial infection of the middle ear a concern?
Can spread infection to other structures, potentially lethal complications

PDX 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions