Exam 1: Respiration Part 2

Question 1

Vena Cava

Answer 1

The largest vein in the body, it carries food from the body back to the heart.

Question 2

Exhalation (Quiet Breathing)

Answer 2

after muscles are stretched they recoil to their pre stretched position.

Question 3

Accessory Muscles of Inspiration

Answer 3

Helps with forced inspiration, additional muscles are needed to provide a significant increase in the amount of air we are able to process, but one is able to survive using the diaphragm alone.

Question 4

External Intercostals

Answer 4

Accessory Muscle. Anterior thoracic muscle of inspiration, raises the ribs, significant for speech.

Question 5

Parasternal Portion of Internal Intercostals

Answer 5

Accessory Muscle: Anterior thoracic muscle of inspiration, helps elevate and slightly rotate ribs when expanding.

Question 6

Levator Costarum

Answer 6

Accessory Muscle: Posterior thoracic muscle of inspiration, elevated ribs.

Question 7

Serratus Posterior Superior

Answer 7

Accessory Muscle: Posterior thoracic muscle of inspiration, elevates ribs 2-5

Question 8

Sternocleidomastoid

Answer 8

Accessory Muscle: Neck muscles, elevation of chin, helps elevate sternum and anterior portion of the rib cage.

Question 9

Scalenes

Answer 9

Accessory Muscle: anterior, middle, posterior. Neck muscle, stabilizes head, facilitates rotation, elevates first and second rib.

Question 10

Accessory Muscles of Upper Arm and Shoulder

Answer 10

Assist due to their location in connection with the rib cage. May assist the external intercostals in elevation of the thorax by virtue of their attachment to the sternum/ribs.

Question 11

Pectoralis Minor

Answer 11

Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: Exerts vertical pull on ribs 3-5.

Question 12

Pectoralis Major

Answer 12

Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: adduction/rotation of arms.

Question 13

Serratus Anterior

Answer 13

Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: may elevate ribs 1-9.

Question 14

Subclavius

Answer 14

Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: may elevate first rib during inspiration.

Question 15

Levator Scapulae

Answer 15

Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: neck support, elevates scapula.

Question 16

Rhomboideus Major/Minor

Answer 16

Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: stabilized shoulder girdle.

Question 17

Trapezius

Answer 17

Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: elongates neck, controls head.

Question 18

Breathing In/Inspiration

Answer 18

The external intercostal contract and the internal relax. This elevates the rib cage, moving it upwards and outwards. The dome-shaped diaphragm contracts and flattens. Both action serve to increase the volume of the thorax.

Question 19

Forced Expiration

Answer 19

Requires muscles to act on the lungs indirectly to squeeze the air out of them. This occurs by contraction of the muscles which pull the ribcage down, reducing the dimension of the thoracic cavity.

Question 20

Checking Action

Answer 20

Used during speech breathing to be able to speak for long periods of time. Requires the recruiting of the intra-abdominal muscles which allows you to control the release of air and release it little by little.

Question 21

Anterior/Lateral Thoracic Muscles

Answer 21

Muscles of the thorax: internal intercostal depresses ribs 1-11, transverse thoracic depress the rib cage.

Question 22

Posterior Thoracic Muscles

Answer 22

Muscles of thorax: subcostals depress the thorax, serratus posterior inferior lowers the lowest 4 ribs.

Question 23

Abdominal Muscles of Expiration

Answer 23

Transverse Abdominis: Acts as antagonist to diaphragm.
External Oblique: Lowers ribs; antagonist to diaphragm.
Internal Oblique: Lowers ribs.
Rectus Abdominis: Lowers ribs, powerful vertical muscle.
Quadratus Lumborum: Draw 12th ribs downwards.

Question 24

Passive Expiration

Answer 24

Lets the forces inherent to the tissues restore the system to a resting position after inspiration, driven by forces of elasticity and gravity.

Question 25

Active Expiration

Answer 25

Use of muscular effort to push air out of lungs.

Question 26

Elasticity

Answer 26

Lungs are highly elastic, porous, sponge like tissue. They tend to expand as soon as compression is released. In adults, lungs are stretched beyond resting position (not the same with infants).

Question 27

Gravity

Answer 27

When upright, gravity acts on ribs to pull them back after they expand. Works to maximize overall capacity, by pulling abdominal viscera down, leaving more room for lungs.

Question 28

Gas Exchange

Answer 28

Ventilation: movement of air in the conducting respiratory pathway.
Distribution: Air is distributed to the alveoli.
Perfusion: Oxygen is supplied to the capillaries the supply the alveoli.
Diffusion: The actual case exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane.

Question 29

Respiratory Rate

Answer 29

A normal adult average 12-18 breaths per minute, respiratory rate (RR)
Respiratory Volumes: determined by using a spirometer

Question 30

Volumes

Answer 30

The amount of air the lungs can hold, measure in mL or cubic centimeters (cc).

Question 31

Capacities

Answer 31

Refers to volumes the express physiological limits, represent a functional combination of volumes.

Question 32

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 32

Volume of air exchanged within one cycle of respiration.

Question 33

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 33

Volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration.

Question 34

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 34

Volume of air that can be expired following passive tidal expiration (resting lung volume).

Question 35

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 35

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.

Question 36

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Answer 36

Sum of all of the volumes. TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Question 37

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 37

Total volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal exhalation. VC= IRV+TV+ERV

Question 38

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 38

Volume of air in the lungs at the end of passive exhalation. FRC = ERV+RV

Question 39

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Answer 39

Maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration. IC = TV+IRV

Question 40

Pressures of the Respiratory System

Answer 40

Five pressures for non-speech and speech function:
Intraoral pressure, subglottal, alveolar pressure, intrapleural pressure, atmospheric pressure.

Question 41

Pressures of the Respiratory System (continued)

Answer 41

These pressures are measured relative to atmospheric pressure. During inspiration, expansion of thorax decreases the already negative intrapleural pressure, and increased lung volume results in a negative alveolar pressure. Air from outside the body will flow into the lungs as a result of pressure difference. During the expiration, the pressure differential is reverses, with air escaping the lungs to equalize the positive alveolar pressure with the relatively negative atmospheric pressure.

Question 42

Effects of Posture on Speech

Answer 42

Posture is a major contributor to the efficiency of respiration. As the body shifts from erect to sitting, to supine, the relationship between the structures and gravity changes.

Question 43

Pressures of Speech

Answer 43

For speech, we alter the respiratory cycle to capitalize on exhalation time and restrain that exhalation through a checking action. We also generate pressure through contraction of muscle expiration, and sometime use expiratory reserve volume.