Exam 1: Respiration Part 2 Flashcards
Vena Cava
The largest vein in the body, it carries food from the body back to the heart.
Exhalation (Quiet Breathing)
after muscles are stretched they recoil to their pre stretched position.
Accessory Muscles of Inspiration
Helps with forced inspiration, additional muscles are needed to provide a significant increase in the amount of air we are able to process, but one is able to survive using the diaphragm alone.
External Intercostals
Accessory Muscle. Anterior thoracic muscle of inspiration, raises the ribs, significant for speech.
Parasternal Portion of Internal Intercostals
Accessory Muscle: Anterior thoracic muscle of inspiration, helps elevate and slightly rotate ribs when expanding.
Levator Costarum
Accessory Muscle: Posterior thoracic muscle of inspiration, elevated ribs.
Serratus Posterior Superior
Accessory Muscle: Posterior thoracic muscle of inspiration, elevates ribs 2-5
Sternocleidomastoid
Accessory Muscle: Neck muscles, elevation of chin, helps elevate sternum and anterior portion of the rib cage.
Scalenes
Accessory Muscle: anterior, middle, posterior. Neck muscle, stabilizes head, facilitates rotation, elevates first and second rib.
Accessory Muscles of Upper Arm and Shoulder
Assist due to their location in connection with the rib cage. May assist the external intercostals in elevation of the thorax by virtue of their attachment to the sternum/ribs.
Pectoralis Minor
Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: Exerts vertical pull on ribs 3-5.
Pectoralis Major
Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: adduction/rotation of arms.
Serratus Anterior
Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: may elevate ribs 1-9.
Subclavius
Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: may elevate first rib during inspiration.
Levator Scapulae
Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: neck support, elevates scapula.
Rhomboideus Major/Minor
Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: stabilized shoulder girdle.
Trapezius
Accessory muscle of upper arm and shoulder: elongates neck, controls head.
Breathing In/Inspiration
The external intercostal contract and the internal relax. This elevates the rib cage, moving it upwards and outwards. The dome-shaped diaphragm contracts and flattens. Both action serve to increase the volume of the thorax.
Forced Expiration
Requires muscles to act on the lungs indirectly to squeeze the air out of them. This occurs by contraction of the muscles which pull the ribcage down, reducing the dimension of the thoracic cavity.
Checking Action
Used during speech breathing to be able to speak for long periods of time. Requires the recruiting of the intra-abdominal muscles which allows you to control the release of air and release it little by little.
Anterior/Lateral Thoracic Muscles
Muscles of the thorax: internal intercostal depresses ribs 1-11, transverse thoracic depress the rib cage.
Posterior Thoracic Muscles
Muscles of thorax: subcostals depress the thorax, serratus posterior inferior lowers the lowest 4 ribs.
Abdominal Muscles of Expiration
Transverse Abdominis: Acts as antagonist to diaphragm.
External Oblique: Lowers ribs; antagonist to diaphragm.
Internal Oblique: Lowers ribs.
Rectus Abdominis: Lowers ribs, powerful vertical muscle.
Quadratus Lumborum: Draw 12th ribs downwards.
Passive Expiration
Lets the forces inherent to the tissues restore the system to a resting position after inspiration, driven by forces of elasticity and gravity.
Active Expiration
Use of muscular effort to push air out of lungs.
Elasticity
Lungs are highly elastic, porous, sponge like tissue. They tend to expand as soon as compression is released. In adults, lungs are stretched beyond resting position (not the same with infants).
Gravity
When upright, gravity acts on ribs to pull them back after they expand. Works to maximize overall capacity, by pulling abdominal viscera down, leaving more room for lungs.
Gas Exchange
Ventilation: movement of air in the conducting respiratory pathway.
Distribution: Air is distributed to the alveoli.
Perfusion: Oxygen is supplied to the capillaries the supply the alveoli.
Diffusion: The actual case exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane.
Respiratory Rate
A normal adult average 12-18 breaths per minute, respiratory rate (RR)
Respiratory Volumes: determined by using a spirometer
Volumes
The amount of air the lungs can hold, measure in mL or cubic centimeters (cc).
Capacities
Refers to volumes the express physiological limits, represent a functional combination of volumes.
Tidal Volume (TV)
Volume of air exchanged within one cycle of respiration.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Volume of air that can be expired following passive tidal expiration (resting lung volume).
Residual Volume (RV)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Sum of all of the volumes. TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV
Vital Capacity (VC)
Total volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal exhalation. VC= IRV+TV+ERV
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Volume of air in the lungs at the end of passive exhalation. FRC = ERV+RV
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration. IC = TV+IRV
Pressures of the Respiratory System
Five pressures for non-speech and speech function:
Intraoral pressure, subglottal, alveolar pressure, intrapleural pressure, atmospheric pressure.
Pressures of the Respiratory System (continued)
These pressures are measured relative to atmospheric pressure. During inspiration, expansion of thorax decreases the already negative intrapleural pressure, and increased lung volume results in a negative alveolar pressure. Air from outside the body will flow into the lungs as a result of pressure difference. During the expiration, the pressure differential is reverses, with air escaping the lungs to equalize the positive alveolar pressure with the relatively negative atmospheric pressure.
Effects of Posture on Speech
Posture is a major contributor to the efficiency of respiration. As the body shifts from erect to sitting, to supine, the relationship between the structures and gravity changes.
Pressures of Speech
For speech, we alter the respiratory cycle to capitalize on exhalation time and restrain that exhalation through a checking action. We also generate pressure through contraction of muscle expiration, and sometime use expiratory reserve volume.
