Exam 1: Respiration Part 1

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

The exchange of gas between organism and its environment. We bring oxygen to the cell of the body to sustain life through inhalation and eliminate waste products through expiration.

Question 2

Respiratory System Functions

Answer 2

Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide, filters the air we breathe in, assists in producing sound, contains receptors for smell, rids the body of some excess water and heat, helps regulate blood pH.

Question 3

Process of Respiration

Answer 3

Bringing air into the lungs is muscular, going from upper into lower respiratory tract, occurs due to the fact that all forces in nature seek balance and equilibrium (Boyle’s Law).

Question 4

Boyle’s Law

Answer 4

Inverse relationship between pressure and volume, forms the basis for movement of air into and out of the lungs. When you exhale, the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreasing, therefore the air is being pushed out and the pressure is increasing.

Question 5

Support System of Respiration

Answer 5

While the lungs carry out gas exchange, the rib cage performs a protective function. Ribs are housed within the thorax, and the entire thorax is suspended by the vertebral column (also the conduit for spinal cord).

Question 6

5 Vertebral Column Divisions

Answer 6

Cervical (C1-C7), Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5), Sacral (S1-S5), Coccygeal (fused unit- coccyx).

Vertebral column is composed of 33 segments of bone with a rich set of foss and protuberance clearly designed to function.

Question 7

Cervical Vertebrae C1-C7

Answer 7

Form the skeleton of the neck, smallest of the 24 movable vertebrae, bare less weight.

Question 8

Corpus Cerivcal Vertebrae

Answer 8

Body, anterior portion of the vertebrae.

Question 9

Vertebral Foramen Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 9

Where the tracts of the spinal cord pass. Foramen means opening.

Question 10

Facets

Answer 10

Where something may be connected to something else. The vertebrae sit on top of each other to form a vertebral column. The articulate by means of facets. They provide the surface for 2 adjacent vertebrae to connect.

Question 11

Ribs and Rib Cage

Answer 11

12 pairs of ribs (7 true, 3 false, 2 floating). Floating ribs do not connect to the sternum, the only articulate with the vertebral column. The cartilaginous attachment of the ribs to the sternum allows the ribs to rotate slightly during respiration, allowing the rib cage to elevate.

Question 12

Sternum

Answer 12

Has 3 components. Manubrium (attachment for clavicle and first rib), Corpus (attachment for 5 more ribs), Xiphoid Process (anterior most attachment of diaphragm).

Question 13

Soft Tissues of the Thorax and Respiratory Passageway

Answer 13

Communication between the lungs and the environment, by means of the respiratory passageway including oral and nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes.

Question 14

Respiratory Mucosa

Answer 14

A layer of cells the secrete mucus. Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. Mucus can trap contaminants, and cilia move mucus up toward the mouth.

Question 15

Nose

Answer 15

Provides an airway for respiration, moistens and warms entering air, filters and cleans inspired air, serves as resonating chamber for speech, and houses olfactory receptors.

Question 16

Nose- Internal Nares

Answer 16

Opening to the pharynx.

Question 17

Nose- External Nares

Answer 17

Opening to exterior.

Question 18

Nose- Conchae

Answer 18

Folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes.

Question 19

Pharynx

Answer 19

Commonly called the throat. Used by both the respiratory and digestive systems, common pathway for both air and food. Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and
esophagus. Common pathway for both air and food. Walls are lined by mucosa and contain skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing. Flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus.

Question 20

Three Adjoining regions of the Pharynx

Answer 20

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.

Question 21

Lower Respiratory Tract: Conducting Airways

Answer 21

Trachea, Bronchi, up to Terminal Bronchioles

Question 22

Lower Respiratory Tract: Respiratory Portion

Answer 22

Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveoli.

Question 23

Larynx

Answer 23

AKA Voice Box. Vocal Folds.

Question 24

Vestibular Folds

Answer 24

Superior ligaments, called false vocal fold because they have no function in sounds production, but protect the vocal folds.

Question 25

Sound Production

Answer 25

Intermittent release of exhaled air through the vocal folds.

Question 26

Loudness

Answer 26

Depends on the force of which air is exhaled through the cords.

Question 27

Resonating Chambers

Answer 27

Pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses act as resonating chambers that add quality to sound.

Question 28

Enunciation of Words

Answer 28

Muscles of the face, tongue, and lips help with the enunciation of words.

Question 29

Trachea

Answer 29

AKA Windpipe. Lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx. Anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by 15 to 20 c-shaped tracheal cartilages. Cartilage rings reinforce and provide rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open at all times. Lined by cilia.

Question 30

Right and Left Bronchi

Answer 30

At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes. Each primary bronchus projects laterally toward each lung.

Question 31

Bronchial Tree

Answer 31

A highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and the right primary bronchi. Progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before terminating in the terminal bronchioles.

Question 32

The Right Primary Bronchus

Answer 32

Shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left primary bronchus. Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the right.

Question 33

Alveoli

Answer 33

Air sacs in the lungs. They have a thin wall specialized to promote diffusion of gasses between the alveolus and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Each lung contains about 300-400 million alveoli. The spongy nature of the lung is due to the packing of millions of alveoli together.

Question 34

Gas exchange can take place in the ___?

Answer 34

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli.

Question 35

Each lung has a ___?

Answer 35

Conical (cone) shape. Its wide base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.

Question 36

Lung Apex

Answer 36

The lung’s top portion, projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle. Both lungs are bordered by thoracic wall and supported by the rib cage.

Question 37

Right Lung

Answer 37

Divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure. Located more superiorly in the body due to liver on the right side.

Question 38

Left Lung

Answer 38

Divided into two lobes by oblique fissure. Smaller than the right lung. Cardiac notcher accommodates the heart.

Question 39

Left Lung

Answer 39

Divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure. Smaller than the right lung, cardiac notch accomodates the heart.

Question 40

Pleura and Pleural Cavities

Answer 40

The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura. The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by visceral pleura. The pleural linings, in conjunction with thoracic wall, provide the mechanism for air movement through muscular action.

Question 41

Pleural Cavities

Answer 41

The potential space between the serous membrane layers is a pleural cavity. The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous pleural fluid that circulates in the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant ensuring minimal friction during breathing.

Question 42

Pleural Effusion

Answer 42

Occurs when fluid that accumulates between the two pleural layers. This can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs.

Question 43

Pneumothorax

Answer 43

An abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall, may interfere with normal breathing.

Question 44

Inspiration

Answer 44

Is a graded activity. Depending on the needs of your body:
Quiet Inspiration: needs only one muscle
Forced Inspiration: calls on many more muscles.
If the lungs are to expand and fill with air, the thorax must increase in size.

Question 45

Diaphragm

Answer 45

Primary Muscle of Inspiration. Divides the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. Attached to the lower perimeter of the rib cage and rises to an elevated central tendon that insert into the xiphoid process of the sternum. Innervated the the phrenic nerve bilaterally.

Function: by lowering the central tendon, it increases the vertical dimension of the thorax, and provides for inhalation.