Exam 1: Basic Anatomy Flashcards
Anatomy
The structure of an organism.
Pathological Anatomy
The study of structural changes caused by disease.
Physiology
The study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical processes involved.
Midsagittal Plane
Cuts the body in right and left halves.
Transverse Plane
Cuts upper and lower halves of the body.
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Cuts the body into front and back halves.
Anterior or Ventral
Front surface or towards the front of the body.
Posterior or Dorsal
Back surface or towards the back of the body.
Rostral
Towards the head.
Cells.
What the body is composed of. Living tissue that contains a nucleus and a variety of cellular material specialized to the particular function of the individual cell.
Cells differ based on ___?
The type of tissues they comprise. There are four different types of tissue that make up the body.
Types of tissues
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.
Epithelial Tissues
The superficial or outer layer of mucous membranes and the cells making up the skin. (eg: surface covering of the body and linings of cavities and passageways.)
Connective Tissue
Composed of intercellular material, known as the matrix, to which cells are bound (eg: cartilage, bone, and blood).
Muscular Tissue
Contractile tissues that are capable of being stimulated to contract. They consist of striated (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac muscle.
Striated Muscles
Voluntary muscles. AKA skeletal muscles because it is the muscle used to move skeletal structures. Known as voluntary/sematic because it can be moved voluntarily.
Smooth Muscles
Involuntary muscles. Muscular tissue of the digestive tract and blood vessels.
Nervous Tissue
Highly specialized communicative tissue. Consists of neurons that take a variety of forms.
Tissue Aggregates
Fascia, Ligaments, Tendons, Bones, Joints.
Fascia
Sheet like membrane surrounding organs.
Ligaments
Bing organs together, connects bones to bones, or bones to cartilage.
Tendons
Attach muscle to bone or cartilage.
Bones
Provide structure to the body (along with cartilage), articulating by means of joints.
Joints
The union of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage.
Applied Anatomy
The application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, particularly as it relates to surgical procedures.
Descriptive Anatomy
The description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease.
Muscles
Bound by groups of fibers with functional unity, have a nerve supply to provide stimulation of the contracting bundle tissue, have vascular supply to meet their nutrient needs, innervated (supplied) by a single nerve, and can be sensory (afferent) or excitatory (efferent) in nature.
Muscles (simplified)
Muscles are like a team of fibers that work together, receiving signals from nerves to contract and getting nutrients from blood vessels, while being controlled by a single nerve that can either sense or stimulate.
Origin
The point of insertion with the least movement.
Insertion
The point of attachment that moves as a result of muscle contraction.
Cardiac Muscles
Involuntary, relegated to the autonomic nervous system. Heart muscles that connect in a net like fashion.
Agonists
Muscles that move a structure.
Antagonists
Muscles that oppose movement.
Synergists
Muscles that stabilize structures.
Body Systems
Systems of the body are groups of organs with functional unity. The combination of organs performs a basic function and failure/deficiency of an organ will result in change of the function of the system.
Basic Systems of the Body
Muscular, Respiratory, Digestive, Reproductive, Skeletal, Endocrine, Nervous, and Urinary.
Systems of Speech
Respiratory, Phonatory, Articulatory/Resonatory, Nervous.
Respiratory System
Breathing for speech.
Phonatory System
Production of voiced sounds.
Articulatory/Resonatory System
Used to alter the characteristics of the sounds of speech.
Nervous Speech
Related to the Central Nervous System’s control of speech process.
