Exam 1: Basic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The structure of an organism.

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2
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

The study of structural changes caused by disease.

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3
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical processes involved.

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4
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

Cuts the body in right and left halves.

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5
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Cuts upper and lower halves of the body.

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6
Q

Frontal/Coronal Plane

A

Cuts the body into front and back halves.

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7
Q

Anterior or Ventral

A

Front surface or towards the front of the body.

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8
Q

Posterior or Dorsal

A

Back surface or towards the back of the body.

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9
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the head.

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10
Q

Cells.

A

What the body is composed of. Living tissue that contains a nucleus and a variety of cellular material specialized to the particular function of the individual cell.

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11
Q

Cells differ based on ___?

A

The type of tissues they comprise. There are four different types of tissue that make up the body.

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12
Q

Types of tissues

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.

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13
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

The superficial or outer layer of mucous membranes and the cells making up the skin. (eg: surface covering of the body and linings of cavities and passageways.)

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14
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Composed of intercellular material, known as the matrix, to which cells are bound (eg: cartilage, bone, and blood).

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15
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

Contractile tissues that are capable of being stimulated to contract. They consist of striated (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac muscle.

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16
Q

Striated Muscles

A

Voluntary muscles. AKA skeletal muscles because it is the muscle used to move skeletal structures. Known as voluntary/sematic because it can be moved voluntarily.

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17
Q

Smooth Muscles

A

Involuntary muscles. Muscular tissue of the digestive tract and blood vessels.

18
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Highly specialized communicative tissue. Consists of neurons that take a variety of forms.

19
Q

Tissue Aggregates

A

Fascia, Ligaments, Tendons, Bones, Joints.

20
Q

Fascia

A

Sheet like membrane surrounding organs.

21
Q

Ligaments

A

Bing organs together, connects bones to bones, or bones to cartilage.

22
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone or cartilage.

23
Q

Bones

A

Provide structure to the body (along with cartilage), articulating by means of joints.

24
Q

Joints

A

The union of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage.

25
Q

Applied Anatomy

A

The application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, particularly as it relates to surgical procedures.

26
Q

Descriptive Anatomy

A

The description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease.

27
Q

Muscles

A

Bound by groups of fibers with functional unity, have a nerve supply to provide stimulation of the contracting bundle tissue, have vascular supply to meet their nutrient needs, innervated (supplied) by a single nerve, and can be sensory (afferent) or excitatory (efferent) in nature.

28
Q

Muscles (simplified)

A

Muscles are like a team of fibers that work together, receiving signals from nerves to contract and getting nutrients from blood vessels, while being controlled by a single nerve that can either sense or stimulate.

29
Q

Origin

A

The point of insertion with the least movement.

30
Q

Insertion

A

The point of attachment that moves as a result of muscle contraction.

31
Q

Cardiac Muscles

A

Involuntary, relegated to the autonomic nervous system. Heart muscles that connect in a net like fashion.

32
Q

Agonists

A

Muscles that move a structure.

33
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscles that oppose movement.

34
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that stabilize structures.

35
Q

Body Systems

A

Systems of the body are groups of organs with functional unity. The combination of organs performs a basic function and failure/deficiency of an organ will result in change of the function of the system.

36
Q

Basic Systems of the Body

A

Muscular, Respiratory, Digestive, Reproductive, Skeletal, Endocrine, Nervous, and Urinary.

37
Q

Systems of Speech

A

Respiratory, Phonatory, Articulatory/Resonatory, Nervous.

38
Q

Respiratory System

A

Breathing for speech.

39
Q

Phonatory System

A

Production of voiced sounds.

40
Q

Articulatory/Resonatory System

A

Used to alter the characteristics of the sounds of speech.

41
Q

Nervous Speech

A

Related to the Central Nervous System’s control of speech process.